Tip of the iceberg: species diversity of <i>Pholcus</i> spiders (Araneae, Pholcidae) in the Changbai Mountains, Northeast China

Zhi-Yuan Yao; Xiang Wang; Shu-Qiang Li

doi:10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2021.037

Volume 42 Issue 3

May 2021

Turn off MathJax

Article Contents

Article Navigation > Zoological Research > 2021 > 42(3): 267-271

Zhi-Yuan Yao, Xiang Wang, Shu-Qiang Li. Tip of the iceberg: species diversity of Pholcus spiders (Araneae, Pholcidae) in the Changbai Mountains, Northeast China. Zoological Research, 2021, 42(3): 267-271. doi: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2021.037

Citation:

Zhi-Yuan Yao, Xiang Wang, Shu-Qiang Li. Tip of the iceberg: species diversity of Pholcus spiders (Araneae, Pholcidae) in the Changbai Mountains, Northeast China. Zoological Research, 2021, 42(3): 267-271. doi: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2021.037

Citation:

PDF( 5439 KB)

Tip of the iceberg: species diversity of Pholcus spiders (Araneae, Pholcidae) in the Changbai Mountains, Northeast China

doi: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2021.037

Zhi-Yuan Yao^{1, 3, 4
,
,},
Xiang Wang¹,
Shu-Qiang Li^{2
,
,}

1.
College of Life Science, Shenyang Normal University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110034, China
2.
Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
3.
Liaoning Key Laboratory of Evolution and Biodiversity, Shenyang, Liaoning 110034, China
4.
Liaoning Key Laboratory for Biological Evolution and Agricultural Ecology, Shenyang, Liaoning 110034, China

Funds: This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC-31872193) and the Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program (XLYC1907150). Part of the laboratory work was supported by the Shenyang Youth Science and Technology Project (RC200183)

More Information

Corresponding author: E-mail: yaozy@synu.edu.cn; lisq@ioz.ac.cn
Received Date: 2021-02-02
Accepted Date: 2021-03-23

Published Online: 2021-03-26

Publish Date: 2021-05-18

Abstract

Abstract

Despite 250 years of taxonomic classification and over 1.2 million species already catalogued, known species diversity is only a small part of true species diversity on Earth, and thus, the known species are only the tip of iceberg. Here, we investigated the genus Pholcus Walckenaer, 1805 of the family Pholcidae C. L. Koch, 1850 in the Changbai Mountains, Northeast China, which provides an excellent case of high species diversity. Previously, only 14 endemic Pholcus spiders, all belonging to the P. phungiformes species group, and two introduced species P. manueli Gertsch, 1937 and P. zichyi Kulczyński, 1901 from the P. crypticolens species group, have been recorded from this area. Our study confirmed 11 new species of the P. phungiformes species group based on morphology and three methods of molecular species delimitation: P. gaizhou Yao & Li, sp. nov. , P. guanshui Yao & Li, sp. nov. , P. jiguanshan Yao & Li, sp. nov. , P. longxigu Yao & Li, sp. nov. , P. luoquanbei Yao & Li, sp. nov. , P. shenshi Yao & Li, sp. nov. , P. tianmenshan Yao & Li, sp. nov. , P. wangjiang Yao & Li, sp. nov. , P. xingqi Yao & Li, sp. nov. , P. yaoshan Yao & Li, sp. nov. , and P. yuhuangshan Yao & Li, sp. nov. This study brings the fauna of the P. phungiformes species group from the Changbai Mountains to 25 species, approximately two times more than previously known, which could indicate that species diversity in the area is underestimated for all arthropod fauna.
- Taxonomy,
- Morphology,
- Molecular species delimitation,
- New species,
- Northeast Asia

FullText(HTML)

References(34)

References

[1]	Eberle J, Dimitrov D, Valdez-Mondragón A, Huber BA. 2018. Microhabitat change drives diversification in pholcid spiders. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 18: 141. doi: 10.1186/s12862-018-1244-8
[2]	Gao YQ, Gao JC, Zhu MS. 2002. Two new species of the genus Pholcus from China (Araneae: Pholcidae). Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 27(1): 74−77.
[3]	Gertsch WJ. 1937. New American spiders. American Museum Novitates, 936: 1−7.
[4]	Huber BA. 2011. Revision and cladistic analysis of Pholcus and closely related taxa (Araneae, Pholcidae). Bonner Zoologische Monographien, 58: 1−509.
[5]	Huber BA, Eberle J, Dimitrov D. 2018. The phylogeny of pholcid spiders: a critical evaluation of relationships suggested by molecular data (Araneae, Pholcidae). ZooKeys, 789(3): 51−101.
[6]	Khmelik VV, Kozub D, Glazunov A. 2005[2020-09-10]. Helicon Focus 3.10.3. https://www.heliconsoft.com/heliconsoft-products/helicon-focus/.
[7]	Koch CL. 1850. Übersicht des Arachnidensystems. Lotzbeck JL: Nürnberg, 1–77.
[8]	Kulczyński W. 1901. Arachnoidea. In: Horvath G. Zoologische Ergebnisse der Dritten Asiatischen Forschungsreise des Grafen Eugen Zichy. Budapest: Hornyánsky & Hiersemann, 311–369.
[9]	Liu Y, Tong YF. 2015. A new species of the genus Pholcus Walckenaer, 1805 from Xianrendong National Forest Park, Liaoning Province, China (Araneae: Pholcidae). Acta Arachnologica Sinica, 24(1): 31−34.
[10]	Oliger TI. 1983. New species of spider families (Pholcidae, Clubionidae, Agelenidae) from the Lazovsky State Reserve. Zoologicheskiĭ Zhurnal, 62: 627−629.
[11]	Paik KY. 1978. The Pholcidae (Araneae) of Korea. Educational Journal Kyungpook University Korea, 20: 113−135.
[12]	Peng YQ, Zhang F. 2011. Two new species of the genus Pholcus (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Taihang Mountains, China, with first report of the female of Pholcus oculosus. Entomologica Fennica, 22(2): 78−84.
[13]	Peng YQ, Zhang F. 2013. Two new Pholcus species from northern China (Araneae: Pholcidae). Acta Arachnologica, 62(2): 75−80. doi: 10.2476/asjaa.62.75
[14]	Puillandre N, Lambert A, Brouillet S, Achaz G. 2012. ABGD, Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery for primary species delimitation. Molecular Ecology, 21(8): 1864−1877. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05239.x
[15]	R Development Core Team. 2020[2020-11-01]. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. http://www.R-project.org/.
[16]	Seo BK. 2004. A new species of Pholcus (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Korea. Korean Journal of Systematic Zoology, 20(1): 73−77.
[17]	Seo BK. 2014. Four new species of the genus Pholcus (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Korea. Korean Journal of Applied Entomology, 53(4): 399−408. doi: 10.5656/KSAE.2014.10.0.059
[18]	Song DX, Zhu MS, Chen J. 1999. The Spiders of China. Shijiazhuang: Hebei Science & Technology Press.
[19]	Tamura K, Peterson D, Peterson N, Stecher G, Nei M, Kumar S. 2011. MEGA5: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and max-imum parsimony methods. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 28(10): 2731−2739. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msr121
[20]	Tong YF, Ji LZ. 2010. Three new species of the spider genus Pholcus (Araneae: Pholcidae) from Liaodong Mountain, China. Entomologica Fennica, 21(2): 97−103.
[21]	Tong YF, Li SQ. 2010. Eight new spider species of the genus Pholcus (Araneae, Pholcidae) from China. Zootaxa, 2355: 35−55. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.2355.1.2
[22]	Walckenaer CA. 1805. Tableau des Aranéides ou Caractères Essentiels des Tribus, Genres, Familles et Races que Renferme le Genre Aranea de Linné, avec la DéSignation des Espèces Comprises dans Chacune de ces Divisions. Paris: de l’imprimerie de Dentu, 88.
[23]	Wang X, Shaheen S, He QQ, Yao ZY. 2020. Notes on two closely related spider species of the Pholcus phungiformes species group (Araneae, Pholcidae) from Beijing, China. ZooKeys, 965(2): 1−16.
[24]	WSC. 2021[2021-01-17]. World Spider Catalog, version 22.0. Natural History Museum Bern. http://wsc.nmbe.ch.
[25]	Yao ZY, Dong TT, Zheng G, Fu JZ, Li SQ. 2016. High endemism at cave entrances: a case study of spiders of the genus Uthina. Scientific Reports, 6: 35757. doi: 10.1038/srep35757
[26]	Yao ZY, Li SQ. 2012. New species of the spider genus Pholcus (Araneae: Pholcidae) from China. Zootaxa, 3289: 1−271. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.3289.1.1
[27]	Yao ZY, Pham DS, Li SQ. 2012. A new species of the genus Pholcus (Araneae, Pholcidae) from Vietnam. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 37(2): 313−318.
[28]	Yao ZY, Pham DS, Li SQ. 2015. Pholcid spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae) from northern Vietnam, with descriptions of nineteen new species. Zootaxa, 3909(1): 1−82. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.3909.1.1
[29]	Zhang BS, Zhang F, Liu JZ. 2016. Three new spider species of the genus Pholcus from the Taihang Mountains of China (Araneae, Pholcidae). ZooKeys, 600: 53−74. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.600.7924
[30]	Zhang F, Zhang JX. 2000. Three new species and a new discovery of female of genus Pholcus from Taihang Mts., China. Journal of Hebei University, 20(2): 151−156. (in Chinese)
[31]	Zhang F, Zhu MS, Song DX. 2005. A new species of the genus Pholcus (Araneae, Pholcidae) from Taihang Mountains area, China. Acta Zootaxonomica Sinica, 30(1): 65−66.
[32]	Zhang F, Zhu MS. 2009. A review of the genus Pholcus (Araneae: Pholcidae) from China. Zootaxa, 2037(1): 1−114. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.2037.1.1
[33]	Zhang JJ, Kapli P, Pavlidis P, Stamatakis A. 2013. A general species delimitation method with applications to phylogenetic placements. Bioinformatics, 29(22): 2869−2876. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btt499
[34]	Zhu KL, Yao ZY, Bai XJ, Li SQ. 2018. Five new species of the spider genus Pholcus Walckenaer, 1805 (Araneae: Pholcidae) from China and Thailand. Zootaxa, 4377(2): 235−253. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.4377.2.5