The known, unknown, and unknown unknowns of cell-cell communication in planarian regeneration
Planarians represent the most primitive bilateral triploblastic animals. Most planarian species exhibit mechanisms for whole-body regeneration, exemplified by the regeneration of their cephalic ganglion after complete excision. Given their robust whole-body regeneration capacity, planarians have been model organisms in regenerative research for more than 240 years. Advancements in research tools and techniques have progressively elucidated the mechanisms underlying planarian regeneration. Accurate cell-cell communication is recognized as a fundamental requirement for regeneration. In recent decades, mechanisms associated with such communication have been revealed at the cellular level. Notably, stem cells (neoblasts) have been identified as the source of all new cells during planarian homeostasis and regeneration. The interplay between neoblasts and somatic cells affects the identities and proportions of various tissues during homeostasis and regeneration. Here, this review outlines key discoveries regarding communication between stem cell compartments and other cell types in planarians, as well as the impact of communication on planarian regeneration. Additionally, this review discusses the challenges and potential directions of future planarian research, emphasizing the sustained impact of this field on our understanding of animal regeneration.
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Deep learning-based activity recognition and fine motor identification using 2D skeletons of cynomolgus monkeys
Video-based action recognition is becoming a vital tool in clinical research and neuroscientific study for disorder detection and prediction. However, action recognition currently used in non-human primate (NHP) research relies heavily on intense manual labor and lacks standardized assessment. In this work, we established two standard benchmark datasets of NHPs in the laboratory: MonkeyinLab (MiL), which includes 13 categories of actions and postures, and MiL2D, which includes sequences of two-dimensional (2D) skeleton features. Furthermore, based on recent methodological advances in deep learning and skeleton visualization, we introduced the MonkeyMonitorKit (MonKit) toolbox for automatic action recognition, posture estimation, and identification of fine motor activity in monkeys. Using the datasets and MonKit, we evaluated the daily behaviors of wild-type cynomolgus monkeys within their home cages and experimental environments and compared these observations with the behaviors exhibited by cynomolgus monkeys possessing mutations in the MECP2 gene as a disease model of Rett syndrome (RTT). MonKit was used to assess motor function, stereotyped behaviors, and depressive phenotypes, with the outcomes compared with human manual detection. MonKit established consistent criteria for identifying behavior in NHPs with high accuracy and efficiency, thus providing a novel and comprehensive tool for assessing phenotypic behavior in monkeys.
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Hypoxia tolerance in fish depends on catabolic preference between lipids and carbohydrates
Hypoxia is a common environmental stress factor in aquatic organisms, which varies among fish species. However, the mechanisms underlying the ability of fish species to tolerate hypoxia are not well known. Here, we showed that hypoxia response in different fish species was affected by lipid catabolism and preference for lipid or carbohydrate energy sources. Activation of biochemical lipid catabolism through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (Pparα) or increasing mitochondrial fat oxidation in tilapia decreased tolerance to acute hypoxia by increasing oxygen consumption and oxidative damage and reducing carbohydrate catabolism as an energy source. Conversely, lipid catabolism inhibition by suppressing entry of lipids into mitochondria in tilapia or individually knocking out three key genes of lipid catabolism in zebrafish increased tolerance to acute hypoxia by decreasing oxygen consumption and oxidative damage and promoting carbohydrate catabolism. However, anaerobic glycolysis suppression eliminated lipid catabolism inhibition-promoted hypoxia tolerance in adipose triglyceride lipase (atgl) mutant zebrafish. Using 14 fish species with different trophic levels and taxonomic status, the fish preferentially using lipids for energy were more intolerant to acute hypoxia than those preferentially using carbohydrates. Our study shows that hypoxia tolerance in fish depends on catabolic preference for lipids or carbohydrates, which can be modified by regulating lipid catabolism.
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Anthropogenic activity, hydrological regime, and light level jointly influence temporal patterns in biosonar activity of the Yangtze finless porpoise at the junction of the Yangtze River and Poyang Lake, China
Under increasing anthropogenic pressure, species with a previously contiguous distribution across their ranges have been reduced to small fragmented populations. The critically endangered Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis), once commonly observed in the Yangtze River-Poyang Lake junction, is now rarely seen in the river-lake corridor. In this study, static passive acoustic monitoring techniques were used to detect the biosonar activities of the Yangtze finless porpoise in this unique corridor. Generalized linear models were used to examine the correlation between these activities and anthropogenic impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown and boat navigation, as well as environmental variables, including hydrological conditions and light levels. Over approximately three consecutive years of monitoring (2020–2022), porpoise biosonar was detected during 93% of logged days, indicating the key role of the corridor for finless porpoise conservation. In addition, porpoise clicks were recorded in 3.80% of minutes, while feeding correlated buzzes were detected in 1.23% of minutes, suggesting the potential existence of localized, small-scale migration. Furthermore, both anthropogenic and environmental variables were significantly correlated with the diel, lunar, monthly, seasonal, and annual variations in porpoise biosonar activities. During the pandemic lockdown period, porpoise sonar detection showed a significant increase. Furthermore, a significant negative correlation was identified between the detection of porpoise click trains and buzzes and boat traffic intensity. In addition to water level and flux, daylight and moonlight exhibited significant correlations with porpoise biosonar activities, with markedly higher detections at night and quarter moon periods. Ensuring the spatiotemporal reduction of anthropogenic activities, implementing vessel speed restrictions (e.g., during porpoise migration and feeding), and maintaining local natural hydrological regimes are critical factors for sustaining porpoise population viability.
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Probing the processing of facial expressions in monkeys via time perception and eye tracking
Accurately recognizing facial expressions is essential for effective social interactions. Non-human primates (NHPs) are widely used in the study of the neural mechanisms underpinning facial expression processing, yet it remains unclear how well monkeys can recognize the facial expressions of other species such as humans. In this study, we systematically investigated how monkeys process the facial expressions of conspecifics and humans using eye-tracking technology and sophisticated behavioral tasks, namely the temporal discrimination task (TDT) and face scan task (FST). We found that monkeys showed prolonged subjective time perception in response to Negative facial expressions in monkeys while showing longer reaction time to Negative facial expressions in humans. Monkey faces also reliably induced divergent pupil contraction in response to different expressions, while human faces and scrambled monkey faces did not. Furthermore, viewing patterns in the FST indicated that monkeys only showed bias toward emotional expressions upon observing monkey faces. Finally, masking the eye region marginally decreased the viewing duration for monkey faces but not for human faces. By probing facial expression processing in monkeys, our study demonstrates that monkeys are more sensitive to the facial expressions of conspecifics than those of humans, thus shedding new light on inter-species communication through facial expressions between NHPs and humans.
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Long-term potentiation-based screening identifies neuronal PYGM as a synaptic plasticity regulator participating in Alzheimer’s disease
Synaptic dysfunction is an important pathological hallmark and cause of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). High-frequency stimulation (HFS)-induced long-term potentiation (LTP) has been widely used to study synaptic plasticity, with impaired LTP found to be associated with AD. However, the exact molecular mechanism underlying synaptic plasticity has yet to be completely elucidated. Whether genes regulating synaptic plasticity are altered in AD and contribute to disease onset also remains unclear. Herein, we induced LTP in the hippocampal CA1 region of wild-type (WT) and AD model mice by administering HFS to the CA3 region and then studied transcriptome changes in the CA1 region. We identified 89 genes that may participate in normal synaptic plasticity by screening HFS-induced differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in mice with normal LTP, and 43 genes that may contribute to synaptic dysfunction in AD by comparing HFS-induced DEGs in mice with normal LTP and AD mice with impaired LTP. We further refined the 43 genes down to 14 by screening for genes with altered expression in pathological-stage AD mice without HFS induction. Among them, we found that the expression of Pygm, which catabolizes glycogen, was also decreased in AD patients. We further demonstrated that down-regulation of PYGM in neurons impaired synaptic plasticity and cognition in WT mice, while its overexpression attenuated synaptic dysfunction and cognitive deficits in AD mice. Moreover, we showed that PYGM directly regulated energy generation in neurons. Our study not only indicates that PYGM-mediated energy production in neurons plays an important role in synaptic function, but also provides a novel LTP-based strategy to systematically identify genes regulating synaptic plasticity under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Population genetics of marmosets in Asian primate research centers and loci associated with epileptic risk revealed by whole-genome sequencing
The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) has emerged as a valuable nonhuman primate model in biomedical research with the recent release of high-quality reference genome assemblies. Epileptic marmosets have been independently reported in two Asian primate research centers. Nevertheless, the population genetics within these primate centers and the specific genetic variants associated with epilepsy in marmosets have not yet been elucidated. Here, we characterized the genetic relationships and risk variants for epilepsy in 41 samples from two epileptic marmoset pedigrees using whole-genome sequencing. We identified 14 558 184 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the 41 samples and found higher chimerism levels in blood samples than in fingernail samples. Genetic analysis showed fourth-degree of relatedness among marmosets at the primate centers. In addition, SNP and copy number variation (CNV) analyses suggested that the WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) and Tyrosine-protein phosphatase nonreceptor type 21 (PTPN21) genes may be associated with epilepsy in marmosets. Notably, KCTD18-like gene deletion was more common in epileptic marmosets than control marmosets. This study provides valuable population genomic resources for marmosets in two Asian primate centers. Genetic analyses identified a reasonable breeding strategy for genetic diversity maintenance in the two centers, while the case-control study revealed potential risk genes/variants associated with epilepsy in marmosets.
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Tiger reappearance in Medog highlights the conservation values of the region for this apex predator
In less than a century, Asia’s largest apex predator, the tiger (Panthera tigris), has been relegated to isolated populations surviving in only a small fraction of its historical range. The Medog region, located in Xizang Zizhiqu (Tibet), China, is an important stronghold for this ecologically important apex predator. To enhance our knowledge of the status of tigers in the Medog region, we carried out a systematic camera trapping survey combined with socioecological data collection between April 2020 and May 2022. We surveyed a 1 769 km2 area across the Medog region, with a total valid sampling effort of 43 163 camera days from 322 camera stations. We also collected socioecological data from 27 forest rangers. We documented tigers at eight camera trapping stations at two villages separated by the Jinzhu Tsangpo River, confirming the presence of at least one adult male individual within the Medog region. These new records were observed over 80 km northeast of the first record in 2019. Additionally, residents reported tiger sightings in 2020 and likely tiger pugmarks in 2021. These spatially and temporally separate records of tigers in the Medog region provide valuable data for informing species-oriented conservation management and highlight the importance of the region for tiger movement and population expansion. However, although encouraging, our survey also detected human activities that may threaten tigers and their potential prey. Ensuring the future survival of tigers in the Medog region entails anti-poaching patrols and long-term camera trapping efforts. In addition, it is also important to identify and establish corridors that connect the Medog region with the adjacent Zangnan region, which also harbors an important population of tigers.
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Scopolamine causes delirium-like brain network dysfunction and reversible cognitive impairment without neuronal loss
Delirium is a severe acute neuropsychiatric syndrome that commonly occurs in the elderly and is considered an independent risk factor for later dementia. However, given its inherent complexity, few animal models of delirium have been established and the mechanism underlying the onset of delirium remains elusive. Here, we conducted a comparison of three mouse models of delirium induced by clinically relevant risk factors, including anesthesia with surgery (AS), systemic inflammation, and neurotransmission modulation. We found that both bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cholinergic receptor antagonist scopolamine (Scop) induction reduced neuronal activities in the delirium-related brain network, with the latter presenting a similar pattern of reduction as found in delirium patients. Consistently, Scop injection resulted in reversible cognitive impairment with hyperactive behavior. No loss of cholinergic neurons was found with treatment, but hippocampal synaptic functions were affected. These findings provide further clues regarding the mechanism underlying delirium onset and demonstrate the successful application of the Scop injection model in mimicking delirium-like phenotypes in mice.
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Extracellular vesicles from iPSC-MSCs alleviate chemotherapy-induced mouse ovarian damage via the ILK-PI3K/AKT pathway
Chemotherapy can significantly reduce follicle counts in ovarian tissues and damage ovarian stroma, causing endocrine disorder, reproductive dysfunction, and primary ovarian insufficiency (POI). Recent studies have suggested that extracellular vesicles (EVs) secreted from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) exert therapeutic effects in various degenerative diseases. In this study, transplantation of EVs from human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived MSCs (iPSC-MSC-EVs) resulted in significant restoration of ovarian follicle numbers, improved granulosa cell proliferation, and inhibition of apoptosis in chemotherapy-damaged granulosa cells, cultured ovaries, and in vivo ovaries in mice. Mechanistically, treatment with iPSC-MSC-EVs resulted in up-regulation of the integrin-linked kinase (ILK) -PI3K/AKT pathway, which is suppressed during chemotherapy, most likely through the transfer of regulatory microRNAs (miRNAs) targeting ILK pathway genes. This work provides a framework for the development of advanced therapeutics to ameliorate ovarian damage and POI in female chemotherapy patients.
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Gradient descent decomposition of force-field motor primitives optogenetically elicited for motor mapping of the murine lumbosacral spinal cord
Generating diverse motor behaviors critical for survival is a challenge that confronts the central nervous system (CNS) of all animals. During movement execution, the CNS performs complex calculations to control a large number of neuromusculoskeletal elements. The theory of modular motor control proposes that spinal interneurons are organized in discrete modules that can be linearly combined to generate a variety of behavioral patterns. These modules have been previously represented as stimulus-evoked force fields (FFs) comprising isometric limb-endpoint forces across workspace locations. Here, we ask whether FFs elicited by different stimulations indeed represent the most elementary units of motor control or are themselves the combination of a limited number of even more fundamental motor modules. To probe for potentially more elementary modules, we optogenetically stimulated the lumbosacral spinal cord of intact and spinalized Thy1-ChR2 transgenic mice (n=21), eliciting FFs from as many single stimulation loci as possible (20–70 loci per mouse) at minimally necessary power. We found that the resulting varieties of FFs defied simple categorization with just a few clusters. We used gradient descent to further decompose the FFs into their underlying basic force fields (BFFs), whose linear combination explained FF variability. Across mice, we identified 4–5 BFFs with partially localizable but overlapping representations along the spinal cord. The BFFs were structured and topographically distributed in such a way that a rostral-to-caudal traveling wave of activity across the lumbosacral spinal cord may generate a swing-to-stance gait cycle. These BFFs may represent more rudimentary submodules that can be flexibly merged to produce a library of motor modules for building different motor behaviors.
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Insights into the genetic architecture of congenital heart disease from animal modeling
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is observed in up to 1% of live births and is one of the leading causes of mortality from birth defects. While hundreds of genes have been implicated in the genetic etiology of CHD, their role in CHD pathogenesis is still poorly understood. This is largely a reflection of the sporadic nature of CHD, as well as its variable expressivity and incomplete penetrance. We reviewed the monogenic causes and evidence for oligogenic etiology of CHD, as well as the role of de novo mutations, common variants, and genetic modifiers. For further mechanistic insight, we leveraged single-cell data across species to investigate the cellular expression characteristics of genes implicated in CHD in developing human and mouse embryonic hearts. Understanding the genetic etiology of CHD may enable the application of precision medicine and prenatal diagnosis, thereby facilitating early intervention to improve outcomes for patients with CHD.
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Advances in viral encephalitis: Viral transmission, host immunity, and experimental animal models
Viral infections have led to many public health crises and pandemics in the last few centuries. Neurotropic virus infection-induced viral encephalitis (VE), especially the symptomatic inflammation of the meninges and brain parenchyma, has attracted growing attention due to its high mortality and disability rates. Understanding the infectious routes of neurotropic viruses and the mechanism underlying the host immune response is critical to reduce viral spread and improve antiviral therapy outcomes. In this review, we summarize the common categories of neurotropic viruses, viral transmission routes in the body, host immune responses, and experimental animal models used for VE study to gain a deeper understanding of recent progress in the pathogenic and immunological mechanisms under neurotropic viral infection. This review should provide valuable resources and perspectives on how to cope with pandemic infections.
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Defining honeybee subspecies in an evolutionary context warrants strategized conservation
Despite the urgent need for conservation consideration, strategic action plans for the preservation of the Asian honeybee, Apis cerana Fabricius, 1793, remain lacking. Both the convergent and divergent adaptations of this widespread insect have led to confusing phenotypical traits and inconsistent infraspecific taxonomy. Unclear subspecies boundaries pose a significant challenge to honeybee conservation efforts, as it is difficult to effectively prioritize conservation targets without a clear understanding of subspecies identities. Here, we investigated genome variations in 362 worker bees representing almost all populations of mainland A. cerana to understand how evolution has shaped its population structure. Whole-genome single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) based on nuclear sequences revealed eight putative subspecies, with all seven peripheral subspecies exhibiting mutually exclusive monophyly and distinct genetic divergence from the widespread central subspecies. Our results demonstrated that most classic morphological traits, including body size, were related to the climatic variables of the local habitats and did not reflect the true evolutionary history of the organism. Thus, such morphological traits were not suitable for subspecific delineation. Conversely, wing vein characters showed relative independence to the environment and supported the subspecies boundaries inferred from nuclear genomes. Mitochondrial phylogeny further indicated that the present subspecies structure was a result of multiple waves of population divergence from a common ancestor. Based on our findings, we propose that criteria for subspecies delineation should be based on evolutionary independence, trait distinction, and geographic isolation. We formally defined and described eight subspecies of mainland A. cerana. Elucidation of the evolutionary history and subspecies boundaries enables a customized conservation strategy for both widespread and endemic honeybee conservation units, guiding colony introduction and breeding.
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Cell atlas of CCl4-induced progressive liver fibrosis reveals stage-specific responses
Chronic liver injury leads to progressive liver fibrosis and ultimately cirrhosis, a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. However, there are currently no effective anti-fibrotic therapies available, especially for late-stage patients, which is partly attributed to the major knowledge gap regarding liver cell heterogeneity and cell-specific responses in different fibrosis stages. To reveal the multicellular networks regulating mammalian liver fibrosis from mild to severe phenotypes, we generated a single-nucleus transcriptomic atlas encompassing 49 919 nuclei corresponding to all main liver cell types at different stages of murine carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced progressive liver fibrosis. Integrative analysis distinguished the sequential responses to injury of hepatocytes, hepatic stellate cells and endothelial cells. Moreover, we reconstructed the cell-cell interactions and gene regulatory networks implicated in these processes. These integrative analyses uncovered previously overlooked aspects of hepatocyte proliferation exhaustion and disrupted pericentral metabolic functions, dysfunction for clearance by apoptosis of activated hepatic stellate cells, accumulation of pro-fibrotic signals, and the switch from an anti-angiogenic to a pro-angiogenic program during CCl4-induced progressive liver fibrosis. Our dataset thus constitutes a useful resource for understanding the molecular basis of progressive liver fibrosis using a relevant animal model.
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Generic classification of Asian horned toads (Anura: Megophryidae: Megophryinae) and monograph of Chinese species
The subfamily Megophryinae, as a representative batrachian group of the Oriental Realm and one of the most diverse groups of amphibians, has attracted considerable attention due to continued conjecture regarding its generic classification and failure to reach a satisfactory consensus. China boasts the richest diversity of Asian horned toads, containing some two thirds of the total species cataloged. However, most species have a complicated taxonomic history, resulting in multiple misidentifications. As such, an overall clarification of historical records and regional checklists is required. In the current investigation, we established the phylogeny of the Asian horned toads and performed detailed examinations with redefinitions of several important morphological traits. Based on the phylogenetic relationships and morphological differences, we propose a new ten-genus classification for the Asian horned toad subfamily Megophryinae: i.e., Brachytarsophrys, Atympanophrys, Grillitschia, Sarawakiphrys gen. nov. , Jingophrys gen. nov. , Xenophrys, Megophrys, Pelobatrachus, Ophryophryne, and Boulenophrys. Revisions on the diagnosability, distribution, and content of each genus are provided. Furthermore, we present a careful review of the taxonomic history of Asian horned toad species from China and provide a monograph of congeners, including six species of Brachytarsophrys, four species of Atympanophrys, five species of Jingophrys gen. nov. , 10 species of Xenophrys, two species of Ophryophryne, and 60 species of Boulenophrys. Finally, we discuss the importance of traditional morphological traits based on multiple populations in taxonomic work as well as taxonomic inflation caused by the genetic species delimitation.
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C9orf72 poly-GA proteins impair neuromuscular transmission
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a devastating motoneuron disease, in which lower motoneurons lose control of skeletal muscles. Degeneration of neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) occurs at the initial stage of ALS. Dipeptide repeat proteins (DPRs) from G4C2 repeat-associated non-ATG (RAN) translation are known to cause C9orf72-associated ALS (C9-ALS). However, DPR inclusion burdens are weakly correlated with neurodegenerative areas in C9-ALS patients, indicating that DPRs may exert cell non-autonomous effects, in addition to the known intracellular pathological mechanisms. Here, we report that poly-GA, the most abundant form of DPR in C9-ALS, is released from cells. Local administration of poly-GA proteins in peripheral synaptic regions causes muscle weakness and impaired neuromuscular transmission in vivo. The NMJ structure cannot be maintained, as evidenced by the fragmentation of postsynaptic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) clusters and distortion of presynaptic nerve terminals. Mechanistic study demonstrated that extracellular poly-GA sequesters soluble Agrin ligands and inhibits Agrin-MuSK signaling. Our findings provide a novel cell non-autonomous mechanism by which poly-GA impairs NMJs in C9-ALS. Thus, targeting NMJs could be an early therapeutic intervention for C9-ALS.
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Adult neurogenesis in the primate hippocampus
Adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN) is crucial for learning, memory, and emotion. Deficits of AHN may lead to reduced cognitive abilities and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease. Extensive studies on rodent AHN have clarified the developmental and maturation processes of adult neural stem/progenitor cells. However, to what extent these findings apply to primates remains controversial. Recent advances in next-generation sequencing technologies have enabled in-depth investigation of the transcriptome of AHN-related populations at single-cell resolution. Here, we summarize studies of AHN in primates. Results suggest that neurogenesis is largely shared across species, but substantial differences also exist. Marker gene expression patterns in primates differ from those of rodents. Compared with rodents, the primate hippocampus has a higher proportion of immature dentate granule cells and a longer maturation period of newly generated granule cells. Future research on species divergence may deepen our understanding of the mechanisms underlying adult neurogenesis in primates.
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Intercross population study reveals that co-mutation of mitfa genes in two subgenomes induces red skin color in common carp (Cyprinus carpio wuyuanensis)
Common carp are among the oldest domesticated fish in the world. As such, there are many food and ornamental carp strains with abundant phenotypic variations due to natural and artificial selection. Hebao red carp (HB, Cyprinus carpio wuyuanensis), an indigenous strain in China, is renowned for its unique body morphology and reddish skin. To reveal the genetic basis underlying the distinct skin color of HB, we constructed an improved high-fidelity (HiFi) HB genome with good contiguity, completeness, and correctness. Genome structure comparison was conducted between HB and a representative wild strain, Yellow River carp (YR, C. carpio haematopterus), to identify structural variants and genes under positive selection. Signatures of artificial selection during domestication were identified in HB and YR populations, while phenotype mapping was performed in a segregating population generated by HB×YR crosses. Body color in HB was associated with regions with fixed mutations. The simultaneous mutation and superposition of a pair of homologous genes (mitfa) in chromosomes A06 and B06 conferred the reddish color in domesticated HB. Transcriptome analysis of common carp with different alleles of the mitfa mutation confirmed that gene duplication can buffer the deleterious effects of mutation in allotetraploids. This study provides new insights into genotype-phenotype associations in allotetraploid species and lays a foundation for future breeding of common carp.
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Pan-retinal ganglion cell markers in mice, rats, and rhesus macaques
Univocal identification of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) is an essential prerequisite for studying their degeneration and neuroprotection. Before the advent of phenotypic markers, RGCs were normally identified using retrograde tracing of retinorecipient areas. This is an invasive technique, and its use is precluded in higher mammals such as monkeys. In the past decade, several RGC markers have been described. Here, we reviewed and analyzed the specificity of nine markers used to identify all or most RGCs, i.e., pan-RGC markers, in rats, mice, and macaques. The best markers in the three species in terms of specificity, proportion of RGCs labeled, and indicators of viability were BRN3A, expressed by vision-forming RGCs, and RBPMS, expressed by vision- and non-vision-forming RGCs. NEUN, often used to identify RGCs, was expressed by non-RGCs in the ganglion cell layer, and therefore was not RGC-specific. γ-SYN, TUJ1, and NF-L labeled the RGC axons, which impaired the detection of their somas in the central retina but would be good for studying RGC morphology. In rats, TUJ1 and NF-L were also expressed by non-RGCs. BM88, ERRβ, and PGP9.5 are rarely used as markers, but they identified most RGCs in the rats and macaques and ERRβ in mice. However, PGP9.5 was also expressed by non-RGCs in rats and macaques and BM88 and ERRβ were not suitable markers of viability.
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Current understanding of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway: Structure, regulatory mechanisms, and related diseases
The innate immune system protects the host from external pathogens and internal damage in various ways. The cGAS-STING signaling pathway, comprised of cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), stimulator of interferon genes (STING), and downstream signaling adaptors, plays an essential role in protective immune defense against microbial DNA and internal damaged-associated DNA and is responsible for various immune-related diseases. After binding with DNA, cytosolic cGAS undergoes conformational change and DNA-linked liquid-liquid phase separation to produce 2'3'-cGAMP for the activation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-localized STING. However, further studies revealed that cGAS is predominantly expressed in the nucleus and strictly tethered to chromatin to prevent binding with nuclear DNA, and functions differently from cytosolic-localized cGAS. Detailed delineation of this pathway, including its structure, signaling, and regulatory mechanisms, is of great significance to fully understand the diversity of cGAS-STING activation and signaling and will be of benefit for the treatment of inflammatory diseases and cancer. Here, we review recent progress on the above-mentioned perspectives of the cGAS-STING signaling pathway and discuss new avenues for further study.
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Towards magnetism in pigeon MagR: Iron- and iron-sulfur binding work indispensably and synergistically
The ability to navigate long distances is essential for many animals to locate shelter, food, and breeding grounds. Magnetic sense has evolved in various migratory and homing species to orient them based on the geomagnetic field. A highly conserved iron-sulfur cluster assembly protein IscA is proposed as an animal magnetoreceptor (MagR). Iron-sulfur cluster binding is also suggested to play an essential role in MagR magnetism and is thus critical in animal magnetoreception. In the current study, we provide evidence for distinct iron binding and iron-sulfur cluster binding in MagR in pigeons, an avian species that relies on the geomagnetic field for navigation and homing. Pigeon MagR showed significantly higher total iron content from both iron- and iron-sulfur binding. Y65 in pigeon MagR was shown to directly mediate mononuclear iron binding, and its mutation abolished iron-binding capacity of the protein. Surprisingly, both iron binding and iron-sulfur binding demonstrated synergistic effects, and thus appear to be integral and indispensable to pigeon MagR magnetism. These results not only extend our current understanding of the origin and complexity of MagR magnetism, but also imply a possible molecular explanation for the huge diversity in animal magnetoreception.
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Dusp1 regulates thermal tolerance limits in zebrafish by maintaining mitochondrial integrity
Temperature tolerance restricts the distribution of a species. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms that set the thermal tolerance limits of an organism are poorly understood. Here, we report on the function of dual-specificity phosphatase 1 (DUSP1) in thermal tolerance regulation. Notably, we found that dusp1-/- zebrafish grew normally but survived within a narrowed temperature range. The higher susceptibility of these mutant fish to both cold and heat challenges was attributed to accelerated cell death caused by aggravated mitochondrial dysfunction and over-production of reactive oxygen species in the gills. The DUSP1-MAPK-DRP1 axis was identified as a key pathway regulating these processes in both fish and human cells. These observations suggest that DUSP1 may play a role in maintaining mitochondrial integrity and redox homeostasis. We therefore propose that maintenance of cellular redox homeostasis may be a key mechanism for coping with cellular thermal stress and that the interplay between signaling pathways regulating redox homeostasis in the most thermosensitive tissue (i.e., gills) may play an important role in setting the thermal tolerance limit of zebrafish.
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Interactions among deep-sea mussels and their epibiotic and endosymbiotic chemoautotrophic bacteria: Insights from multi-omics analysis
Endosymbiosis with Gammaproteobacteria is fundamental for the success of bathymodioline mussels in deep-sea chemosynthesis-based ecosystems. However, the recent discovery of Campylobacteria on the gill surfaces of these mussels suggests that these host-bacterial relationships may be more complex than previously thought. Using the cold-seep mussel (Gigantidas haimaensis) as a model, we explored this host-bacterial system by assembling the host transcriptome and genomes of its epibiotic Campylobacteria and endosymbiotic Gammaproteobacteria and quantifying their gene and protein expression levels. We found that the epibiont applies a sulfur oxidizing (SOX) multienzyme complex with the acquisition of soxB from Gammaproteobacteria for energy production and switched from a reductive tricarboxylic acid (rTCA) cycle to a Calvin-Benson-Bassham (CBB) cycle for carbon assimilation. The host provides metabolic intermediates, inorganic carbon, and thiosulfate to satisfy the materials and energy requirements of the epibiont, but whether the epibiont benefits the host is unclear. The endosymbiont adopts methane oxidation and the ribulose monophosphate pathway (RuMP) for energy production, providing the major source of energy for itself and the host. The host obtains most of its nutrients, such as lysine, glutamine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, histidine, and folate, from the endosymbiont. In addition, host pattern recognition receptors, including toll-like receptors, peptidoglycan recognition proteins, and C-type lectins, may participate in bacterial infection, maintenance, and population regulation. Overall, this study provides insights into the complex host-bacterial relationships that have enabled mussels and bacteria to thrive in deep-sea chemosynthetic ecosystems.
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Chicken chromatin accessibility atlas accelerates epigenetic annotation of birds and gene fine-mapping associated with growth traits
The development of epigenetic maps, such as the ENCODE project in humans, provides resources for gene regulation studies and a reference for research of disease-related regulatory elements. However, epigenetic information, such as a bird-specific chromatin accessibility atlas, is currently lacking for the thousands of bird species currently described. The major genomic difference between birds and mammals is their shorter introns and intergenic distances, which seriously hinders the use of humans and mice as a reference for studying the function of important regulatory regions in birds. In this study, using chicken as a model bird species, we systematically compiled a chicken chromatin accessibility atlas using 53 Assay of Transposase Accessible Chromatin sequencing (ATAC-seq) samples across 11 tissues. An average of 50 796 open chromatin regions were identified per sample, cumulatively accounting for 20.36% of the chicken genome. Tissue specificity was largely reflected by differences in intergenic and intronic peaks, with specific functional regulation achieved by two mechanisms: recruitment of several sequence-specific transcription factors and direct regulation of adjacent functional genes. By integrating data from genome-wide association studies, our results suggest that chicken body weight is driven by different regulatory variants active in growth-relevant tissues. We propose CAB39L (active in the duodenum), RCBTB1 (muscle and liver), and novel long non-coding RNA ENSGALG00000053256 (bone) as candidate genes regulating chicken body weight. Overall, this study demonstrates the value of epigenetic data in fine-mapping functional variants and provides a compendium of resources for further research on the epigenetics and evolution of birds and mammals.
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Genomic analysis of indigenous goats in Southwest Asia reveals evidence of ancient adaptive introgression related to desert climate
Understanding how evolutionary pressures related to climate change have shaped the current genetic background of domestic animals is a fundamental pursuit of biology. Here, we generated whole-genome sequencing data from native goat populations in Iraq and Pakistan. Combined with previously published data on modern, ancient (Late Neolithic to Medieval periods), and wild Capra species worldwide, we explored the genetic population structure, ancestry components, and signatures of natural positive selection in native goat populations in Southwest Asia (SWA). Results revealed that the genetic structure of SWA goats was deeply influenced by gene flow from the eastern Mediterranean during the Chalcolithic period, which may reflect adaptation to gradual warming and aridity in the region. Furthermore, comparative genomic analysis revealed adaptive introgression of the KITLG locus from the Nubian ibex (C. nubiana) into African and SWA goats. The frequency of the selected allele at this locus was significantly higher among goat populations located near northeastern Africa. These results provide new insights into the genetic composition and history of goat populations in the SWA region.
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Single-nucleus transcriptomic profiling of multiple organs in a rhesus macaque model of SARS-CoV-2 infection
Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes diverse clinical manifestations and tissue injuries in multiple organs. However, cellular and molecular understanding of SARS-CoV-2 infection-associated pathology and immune defense features in different organs remains incomplete. Here, we profiled approximately 77 000 single-nucleus transcriptomes of the lung, liver, kidney, and cerebral cortex in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) infected with SARS-CoV-2 and healthy controls. Integrated analysis of the multi-organ dataset suggested that the liver harbored the strongest global transcriptional alterations. We observed prominent impairment in lung epithelial cells, especially in AT2 and ciliated cells, and evident signs of fibrosis in fibroblasts. These lung injury characteristics are similar to those reported in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Furthermore, we found suppressed MHC class I/II molecular activity in the lung, inflammatory response in the liver, and activation of the kynurenine pathway, which induced the development of an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Analysis of the kidney dataset highlighted tropism of tubule cells to SARS-CoV-2, and we found membranous nephropathy (an autoimmune disease) caused by podocyte dysregulation. In addition, we identified the pathological states of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in the cerebral cortex, providing molecular insights into COVID-19-related neurological implications. Overall, our multi-organ single-nucleus transcriptomic survey of SARS-CoV-2-infected rhesus macaques broadens our understanding of disease features and antiviral immune defects caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection, which may facilitate the development of therapeutic interventions for COVID-19.
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Animal models of Alzheimer’s disease: Applications, evaluation, and perspectives
Although great advances in elucidating the molecular basis and pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have been made and multifarious novel therapeutic approaches have been developed, AD remains an incurable disease. Evidence shows that AD neuropathology occurs decades before clinical presentation. AD is divided into three stages: preclinical stage, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD dementia. In the natural world, some animals, such as non-human primates (NHPs) and canines, can develop spontaneous AD-like dementia. However, most animals do not develop AD. With the development of transgenic techniques, both invertebrate and vertebrate animals have been employed to uncover the mechanisms of AD and study treatment methods. Most AD research focuses on early-onset familial AD (FAD) because FAD is associated with specific genetic mutations. However, there are no well-established late-onset sporadic AD (SAD) animal models because SAD is not directly linked to any genetic mutation, and multiple environmental factors are involved. Moreover, the widely used animal models are not able to sufficiently recapitulate the pathological events that occur in the MCI or preclinical stages. This review summarizes the common models used to study AD, from yeast to NHP models, and discusses the different applications, evaluation methods, and challenges related to AD animal models, as well as prospects for the evolution of future studies.
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Virome in healthy pangolins reveals compatibility with multiple potentially zoonotic viruses
Previous studies have identified multiple viruses in dead or severely diseased pangolins, but descriptions of the virome in healthy pangolins are lacking. This poses a greater risk of cross-species transmission due to poor preventive awareness and frequent interactions with breeders. In this study, we investigated the viral composition of 34 pangolins with no signs of disease at the time of sampling and characterized a large number of arthropod-associated viruses belonging to 11 families and vertebrate viruses belonging to eight families, including those with pathogenic potential in humans and animals. Several important vertebrate viruses were identified in the pangolins, including parvovirus, pestivirus, and picobirnavirus. The picobirnavirus was clustered with human and grey teal picobirnaviruses. Viruses with cross-species transmission ability were also identified, including circovirus, rotavirus, and astrovirus. Our study revealed that pangolins are frequently exposed to arthropod-associated viruses in the wild and can carry many vertebrate viruses under natural conditions. This study provides important insights into the virome of pangolins, underscoring the importance of monitoring potential pathogens in healthy pangolins to prevent outbreaks of infectious diseases in domesticated animals and humans.
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Antiviral effects of natural small molecules on aquatic rhabdovirus by interfering with early viral replication
Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV) is globally widespread and poses a serious threat to aquatic ecology and aquaculture due to its broad host range. To develop effective agents to control SVCV infection, we selected 16 naturally active small molecules to assess their anti-SVCV activity. Notably, dihydroartemisinin (DHA) (100 µmol/L) and (S, S)-(+)-tetrandrine (TET) (16 µmol/L) exhibited high antiviral effects in epithelioma papulosum cyprinid (EPC) cells, with inhibitory rates of 70.11% and 73.54%, respectively. The possible antiviral mechanisms were determined as follows: 1. Pre-incubation with DHA and TET decreased viral particle infectivity in fish cells, suggesting that horizontal transmission of SVCV in the aquatic environment was disrupted; 2. Although neither had an effect on viral adhesion, TET (but not DHA) interfered with SVCV entry into host cells (>80%), suggesting that TET may have an antiviral function in early viral replication. For in vivo study, both agents enhanced the survival rate of SVCV-infected zebrafish by 53.3%, significantly decreased viral load, and modulated the expression of antiviral-related genes, indicating that DHA and TET may stimulate the host innate immune response to prevent viral infection. Overall, our findings indicated that DHA and TET had positive effects on suppressing SVCV infection by affecting early-stage viral replication, thus holding great potential as immunostimulants to reduce the risk of aquatic rhabdovirus disease outbreaks.
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Deficiency of transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory protein γ-8 leads to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder-like behavior in mice
Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder prevalent in school-age children. At present, however, its etiologies and risk factors are unknown. Transmembrane α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor regulatory protein γ-8 (TARP γ-8, also known as calcium voltage-gated channel auxiliary subunit gamma 8 (CACNG8)) is an auxiliary AMPA receptor (AMPAR) subunit. Here, we report an association between TARP γ-8 and ADHD, whereby adolescent TARP γ-8 knockout (KO) mice exhibited ADHD-like behaviors, including hyperactivity, impulsivity, anxiety, impaired cognition, and memory deficits. Human single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis also revealed strong associations between intronic alleles in CACNG8 genes and ADHD susceptibility. In addition, synaptosomal proteomic analysis revealed dysfunction of the AMPA glutamate receptor complex in the hippocampi of TARP γ-8 KO mice. Proteomic analysis also revealed dysregulation of dopaminergic and glutamatergic transmissions in the prefrontal cortices of TARP γ-8 KO mice. Methylphenidate (MPH), which is commonly used to treat ADHD, significantly rescued the major behavioral deficits and abnormal synaptosomal proteins in TARP γ-8 KO mice. Notably, MPH significantly reversed the up-regulation of Grik2 and Slc6a3 in the prefrontal cortex. MPH also significantly improved synaptic AMPAR complex function by up-regulating other AMPAR auxiliary proteins in hippocampal synaptosomes. Taken together, our results suggest that TARP γ-8 is involved in the development of ADHD in humans. This study provides a useful alternative animal model with ADHD-like phenotypes related to TARP γ-8 deficiency, which has great potential for the development of new therapies.
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Genomics and morphometrics reveal the adaptive evolution of pikas
Pikas (Lagomorpha: Ochotonidae) are small mouse-like lagomorphs. To investigate their adaptation to different ecological environments during their dispersal from the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau (QTP), we collected 226 pikas and measured 20 morphological characteristics and recorded habitat information. We also sequenced the genome of 81 specimens, representing 27 putative pika species. The genome-wide tree based on 4 090 coding genes identified five subgenera, i.e., Alienauroa, Conothoa, Lagotona, Ochotona, and Pika, consistent with morphometric data. Morphologically, Alienauroa and Ochotona had similar traits, including smaller size and earlier divergence time compared to other pikas. Consistently, the habitats of Alienauroa and Ochotona differed from those of the remaining subgenera. Phylogenetic signal analysis detected 83 genes significantly related to morphological characteristics, including several visual and hearing-related genes. Analysis of shared amino acid substitutions and positively selected genes (PSGs) in Alienauroa and Ochotona identified two genes, i.e., mitochondrial function-related TSFM (p.Q155E) and low-light visual sensitivity-related PROM1 (p.H419Y). Functional experiments demonstrated that TSFM-155E significantly enhanced mitochondrial function compared to TSFM-155Q in other pikas, and PROM1-419Y decreased the modeling of dynamic intracellular chloride efflux upon calcium uptake. Alienauroa and Ochotona individuals mostly inhabit different environments (e.g., subtropical forests) than other pikas, suggesting that a shift from the larger ancestral type and changes in sensory acuity and energy enhancement may have been required in their new environments. This study increases our understanding of the evolutionary history of pikas.
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Coevolutionary insights between promoters and transcription factors in the plant and animal kingdoms
The divergence and continuous evolution of plants and animals contribute to ecological diversity. Promoters and transcription factors (TFs) are key determinants of gene regulation and transcription throughout life. However, the evolutionary trajectories and relationships of promoters and TFs are still poorly understood. Here, we conducted extensive analysis of large-scale multi-omics sequences in 420 animal species and 223 plant species spanning nearly a billion years of evolutionary history. Results showed that promoter GC-content and TF isoelectric points, as features/signatures that accompany long biological evolution, exhibited increasing growth in animal cells but a decreasing trend in plant cells. Furthermore, the evolutionary trajectories of promoter and TF signatures in the animal kingdom provided further evidence that Mammalia as well as Aves evolved directly from the ancestor Reptilia. The strong correlation between promoter and TF signatures indicates that promoters and TFs formed antagonistic coevolution in the animal kingdom, but mutualistic coevolution in the plant kingdom. The distinct coevolutionary patterns potentially drive the plant-animal divergence, divergent evolution and ecological diversity.
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Phylogenetic analysis of combined mitochondrial genome and 32 nuclear genes provides key insights into molecular systematics and historical biogeography of Asian warty newts of the genus Paramesotriton (Caudata: Salamandridae)
The Paramesotriton Chang, 1935 genus of Asian warty newts is the second most diverse genus in the family Salamandridae, currently containing 14 recognized species from northern Vietnam to southwest-central and southern China. Although species of this genus have been included in previous phylogenetic studies, the origin and interspecific relationships of the genus are still not fully resolved, especially at key nodes in the phylogeny. In this study, we sequenced mitochondrial genomes and 32 nuclear genes from 27 samples belonging to 14 species to reconstruct the interspecific phylogenetic relationships within Paramesotriton and explore its historical biogeography in southern China. Both Bayesian inference and maximum-likelihood analyses highly supported the monophyly of Paramesotriton and its two recognized species groups (P. caudopunctatus and P. chinensis groups) and further identified five hypothetical phylogenetic cryptic species. Biogeographic analyses indicated that Paramesotriton originated in southwestern China (Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau/South China) during the late Oligocene. The time of origin of Paramesotriton corresponded to the second uplift of the Himalayan/Qinghai-Xizang (Tibetan) Plateau (QTP), rapid lateral extrusion of Indochina, and formation of karst landscapes in southwestern China. Principal component analysis (PCA), independent sample t-tests, and niche differentiation using bioclimatic variables based on locations of occurrence suggested that Paramesotriton habitat conditions in the three current regions (West, South, and East) differ significantly, with different levels of climatic niche differentiation. Species distribution model (SDM) predictions indicated that the most suitable distribution areas for the P. caudopunctatus and P. chinensis species groups are western and southern/eastern areas of southern China. This study increases our knowledge of the taxonomy, biodiversity, origin, and suitable distribution areas of the genus Paramesotriton based on phylogenetic, biogeographic, and species distribution models.
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Diversity of reptile sex chromosome evolution revealed by cytogenetic and linked-read sequencing
Reptile sex determination is attracting much attention because the great diversity of sex-determination and dosage compensation mechanisms permits us to approach fundamental questions about mechanisms of sex chromosome turnover. Recent studies have made significant progress in better understanding diversity and conservation of reptile sex chromosomes, with however no reptile master sex determination genes identified. Here we describe an integrated genomics and cytogenetics pipeline, combining probes generated from the microdissected sex chromosomes with transcriptome and genome sequencing to explore the sex chromosome diversity in non-model Australian reptiles. We tested our pipeline on a turtle, two species of geckos, and a monitor lizard. Genes identified on sex chromosomes were compared to the chicken genome to identify homologous regions among the four species. We identified candidate sex determining genes within these regions, including conserved vertebrate sex-determining genes pdgfa, pdgfra amh and wt1, and demonstrated their testis or ovary-specific expression. All four species showed gene-by-gene rather than chromosome-wide dosage compensation. Our results imply that reptile sex chromosomes originated by independent acquisition of sex-determining genes on different autosomes, as well as translocations between different ancestral macro- and microchromosomes. We discuss the evolutionary drivers of the slow differentiation and turnover of reptile sex chromosomes.
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Comparative multi-locus assessment of modern Asian newts (Cynops, Paramesotriton, and Pachytriton: Salamandridae) in southern China suggests a shared biogeographic history
Evolutionary biologists are always interested in deciphering the geographic context of diversification, therefore they introduced the concept of comparative phylogeography, which helps to identify common mechanisms that contribute to shared genetic structures among organisms from the same region. Here, we used multi-locus genetic data along with environmental data to investigate shared phylogeographic patterns among three Asian-endemic newt genera, Cynops, Paramesotriton and Pachytriton, which occurred in montane/submontane streams or ponds in southern China. Our 222 samples from 78 localities covered the entire range of the three genera and represented the largest dataset of this group to date. We reconstructed matrilineal genealogies from two protein-coding, mitochondrial genes, and gene network from two nuclear genes. We also estimated divergence times of major cladogenetic events and used occurrence data to evaluate niche difference and similarity between lineages. Our results revealed a common basal split in all three genera that corresponds to the separation of two geographic terrains of southern China. Those ancient divergence occurred during middle to late Miocene and likely correlate with paleoclimatic fluctuations caused by the uplift of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau (QTP). Particularly, the strengthening and weakening of Asian summer monsoons during the Miocene may have profoundly impacted southern China and led to repeatedly vicariance in those newts. However, despite differences in realized niches between lineages, there is no evidence for divergence of fundamental niches. Preservation of old newt matriline lineages in mountains of southern China suggests that the region acts as both museums and cradles of speciation. Based on those results, we advocate a multi-pronged protection strategy for newts in the three genera.
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Whole-genome resequencing reveals molecular imprints of anthropogenic and natural selection in wild and domesticated sheep
The abundance of domesticated sheep varieties and phenotypes is largely the result of long-term natural and artificial selection. However, there is limited information regarding the genetic mechanisms underlying phenotypic variation induced by the domestication and improvement of sheep. In this study, to explore genomic diversity and selective regions at the genome level, we sequenced the genomes of 100 sheep across 10 breeds and combined these results with publicly available genomic data from 225 individuals, including improved breeds, Chinese indigenous breeds, African indigenous breeds, and their Asian mouflon ancestor. Based on population structure, the domesticated sheep formed a monophyletic group, while the Chinese indigenous sheep showed a clear geographical distribution trend. Comparative genomic analysis of domestication identified several selective signatures, including IFI44 and IFI44L genes and PANK2 and RNF24 genes, associated with immune response and visual function. Population genomic analysis of improvement demonstrated that candidate genes of selected regions were mainly associated with pigmentation, energy metabolism, and growth development. Furthermore, the IFI44 and IFI44L genes showed a common selection signature in the genomes of 30 domesticated sheep breeds. The IFI44 c. 54413058 C>G mutation was selected for genotyping and population genetic validation. Results showed that the IFI44 polymorphism was significantly associated with partial immune traits. Our findings identified the population genetic basis of domesticated sheep at the whole-genome level, providing theoretical insights into the molecular mechanism underlying breed characteristics and phenotypic changes during sheep domestication and improvement.
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Ecological study of cave nectar bats reveals low risk of direct transmission of bat viruses to humans
Bats are reservoirs of various viruses. The widely distributed cave nectar bat (Eonycteris spelaea) is known to carry both filoviruses and coronaviruses. However, the potential transmission of theses bat viruses to humans is not fully understood. In this study, we tracked 16 E. spelaea bats in Mengla County, Yunnan Province, China, using miniaturized GPS devices to investigate their movements and potential contact with humans. Furthermore, to determine the prevalence of coronavirus and filovirus infections, we screened for the nucleic acids of the Měnglà virus (MLAV) and two coronaviruses (GCCDC1-CoV and HKU9-CoV) in anal swab samples taken from bats and for antibodies against these viruses in human serum samples. None of the serum samples were found to contain antibodies against the bat viruses. The GPS tracking results showed that the bats did not fly during the daytime and rarely flew to residential areas. The foraging range of individual bats also varied, with a mean cumulative nightly flight distance of 25.50 km and flight speed of up to 57.4 km/h. Taken together, these results suggest that the risk of direct transmission of GCCDC1-CoV, HKU9-CoV, and MLAV from E. spelaea bats to humans is very low under natural conditions.
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Differences in action potential propagation speed and axon initial segment plasticity between neurons from Sprague-Dawley rats and C57BL/6 mice
Action potentials (APs) in neurons are generated at the axon initial segment (AIS). AP dynamics, including initiation and propagation, are intimately associated with neuronal excitability and neurotransmitter release kinetics. Most learning and memory studies at the single-neuron level have relied on the use of animal models, most notably rodents. Here, we studied AP initiation and propagation in cultured hippocampal neurons from Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and C57BL/6 (C57) mice with genetically encoded voltage indicator (GEVI)-based voltage imaging. Our data showed that APs traveled bidirectionally in neurons from both species; forward-propagating APs (fpAPs) had a different speed than backpropagating APs (bpAPs). Additionally, we observed distinct AP propagation characteristics in AISs emerging from the somatic envelope compared to those originating from dendrites. Compared with rat neurons, mouse neurons exhibited higher bpAP speed and lower fpAP speed, more distally located ankyrin G (AnkG) in AISs, and longer Nav1.2 lengths in AISs. Moreover, during AIS plasticity, AnkG and Nav1.2 showed distal shifts in location and shorter lengths of labeled AISs in rat neurons; in mouse neurons, however, they showed a longer AnkG-labeled length and more distal Nav1.2 location. Our findings suggest that hippocampal neurons in SD rats and C57 mice may have different AP propagation speeds, different AnkG and Nav1.2 patterns in the AIS, and different AIS plasticity properties, indicating that comparisons between these species must be carefully considered.
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Single-cell transcriptomic landscape of the sheep rumen provides insights into physiological programming development and adaptation of digestive strategies
As an important evolutionary innovation and unique organ, the rumen has played a crucial role in ruminant adaptation to complex ecological environments. However, the cellular basis of its complex morphology and function remains largely unknown. In this study, we identified eight major cell types from seven representative prenatal and postnatal rumen samples using ~56 600 single-cell transcriptomes. We captured the dynamic changes and high heterogeneity in cellular and molecular profiles before, during, and after the appearance of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium with neatly arranged papillae and functional maturity. Basal cells, keratinocytes, differentiating keratinocytes, terminally differentiated keratinocytes, and special spinous cells provided the cellular basis for rumen epithelium formation. Notably, we obtained clear evidence of two keratinization processes involved in early papillogenesis and papillae keratinization and identified TBX3 as a potential marker gene. Importantly, enriched stratum spinosum cells played crucial roles in volatile fatty acid (VFA) metabolism and immune response. Our results provide a comprehensive transcriptional landscape of rumen development at single-cell resolution, as well as valuable insight into the interactions between dietary metabolism and the rumen.
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Accepted articles have already been peer-reviewed and will undergo language editing, typesetting, and proofreading before being published in final form. Upon acceptance, however, articles are citable by their Digital Object Identifier (DOI).
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Abstract:
Glycogen is the most effective energy reserve for metabolism in aquatic shellfish, and also contributes to the flavor and quality of oyster. Jinjiang oyster Crassostrea ariakensis is an economically and ecologically important species in China. In this study, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq) were performed respectively to explore the gene expression and dynamic changes of chromatin accessibility among the oysters with different glycogen contents. A total of 9483 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 7215 significantly differential chromatin accessibility genes (DCAGs) were obtained, with the intersection of DEGs and DCAGs reaching 2600. Many of those genes were enriched in the pathways related to glycogen metabolism such as "Glycogen metabolic process" and "Starch and sucrose metabolism". In addition, a total of 526 SNP loci associated with glycogen content obtained by the genome wide association study (GWAS) corresponded to 241 genes, 63 of which were also DEGs and DCAGs as revealed above. This study will enrich basic research data and provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of glycogen metabolism in oyster.
Glycogen is the most effective energy reserve for metabolism in aquatic shellfish, and also contributes to the flavor and quality of oyster. Jinjiang oyster Crassostrea ariakensis is an economically and ecologically important species in China. In this study, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and assay for transposase-accessible chromatin using sequencing (ATAC-seq) were performed respectively to explore the gene expression and dynamic changes of chromatin accessibility among the oysters with different glycogen contents. A total of 9483 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 7215 significantly differential chromatin accessibility genes (DCAGs) were obtained, with the intersection of DEGs and DCAGs reaching 2600. Many of those genes were enriched in the pathways related to glycogen metabolism such as "Glycogen metabolic process" and "Starch and sucrose metabolism". In addition, a total of 526 SNP loci associated with glycogen content obtained by the genome wide association study (GWAS) corresponded to 241 genes, 63 of which were also DEGs and DCAGs as revealed above. This study will enrich basic research data and provide insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of glycogen metabolism in oyster.
Abstract:
Widespread species that live in diversified environments have large population sizes and a high capacity for environmental tolerance and thus for range expansion. In contrast, narrow-ranged species are confined in restricted geographical areas and ecologically adjusted to narrow environmental conditions and consequently may have limited capacity to expand into a novel environment. However, it is not clear how genomic mechanisms underlie the differentiation in the closely related species that differ in their distribution ranges. The Niviventer niviventer species complex (NNSC), a group of the most abundant wild rats in Southeast Asia and China, provides an ideal system to investigate these questions, as this group includes widespread and narrow-ranged species that are phylogenetically closely related. In the present study, we combined ecological niche models with phylogenetic analysis suggesting that sister species cannot be both widespread and dominant in the same geographical region. Heterozygosity, linkage disequilibrium decay and Tajima's D analysis suggested that widespread species have higher genetic diversity than narrow-ranged species. Moreover, scanning ‘genomic islands of speciation’ revealed 13 genes in highly divergent regions that were shared by two widespread species, which distinguished them from the narrow-ranged species. In addition, functional annotation results suggested that these genes are involved in nervous system development and regulation. Adaptive evolution of these genes likely plays an important role in the speciation of these widespread species.
Widespread species that live in diversified environments have large population sizes and a high capacity for environmental tolerance and thus for range expansion. In contrast, narrow-ranged species are confined in restricted geographical areas and ecologically adjusted to narrow environmental conditions and consequently may have limited capacity to expand into a novel environment. However, it is not clear how genomic mechanisms underlie the differentiation in the closely related species that differ in their distribution ranges. The Niviventer niviventer species complex (NNSC), a group of the most abundant wild rats in Southeast Asia and China, provides an ideal system to investigate these questions, as this group includes widespread and narrow-ranged species that are phylogenetically closely related. In the present study, we combined ecological niche models with phylogenetic analysis suggesting that sister species cannot be both widespread and dominant in the same geographical region. Heterozygosity, linkage disequilibrium decay and Tajima's D analysis suggested that widespread species have higher genetic diversity than narrow-ranged species. Moreover, scanning ‘genomic islands of speciation’ revealed 13 genes in highly divergent regions that were shared by two widespread species, which distinguished them from the narrow-ranged species. In addition, functional annotation results suggested that these genes are involved in nervous system development and regulation. Adaptive evolution of these genes likely plays an important role in the speciation of these widespread species.
, Available online ,
doi: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.012
Abstract:
Monitoring the prevalence of the antimicrobial resistance gene (ARG) is critical to address the global crisis of antibiotic resistant bacterial infections. However, the characterization of ARG and microbiome structure, as well as the indicators for routine ARG monitoring in pig farms, are still lacking under the variation in antimicrobial exposure between countries/regions. Hence, metagenomics and Random Forest machine learning algorithm were used to decipher the ARG profiles, microbiome, and ARG contamination indicators in pig manure under different antimicrobial pressures between China and Europe. The results showed that Chinese pigs exposed to high level antimicrobials had higher total and plasmid-mediated ARG abundances than European pigs (P < 0.05). ANT(6)-Ib, APH(3')-IIIa, and tet(40) were the shared core ARGs between Chinese and European pigs. The core ARG identified in pigs existed a linkage between corresponding country/regions pigs and humans. Moreover, Lactobacillus and Prevotella were the dominant phyla in the core microbiome of Chinese and European pigs, respectively. Forty ARG markers and 43 biomarkers were found to differentiate Chinese and European pig manure samples with 100% and 98.7% accuracy, respectively. We identified indicators to assess the ARG contamination in Chinese and European pigs with high accuracy (r = 0.72 ~ 0.88). Escherichia flexneri in Chinese and European pigs carried numerous ARGs, ranging from 21 to 37. This study emphasized the importance of global collaboration in reducing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) risk and provided indicators for evaluating the risk of ARG contamination in pig farms.
Monitoring the prevalence of the antimicrobial resistance gene (ARG) is critical to address the global crisis of antibiotic resistant bacterial infections. However, the characterization of ARG and microbiome structure, as well as the indicators for routine ARG monitoring in pig farms, are still lacking under the variation in antimicrobial exposure between countries/regions. Hence, metagenomics and Random Forest machine learning algorithm were used to decipher the ARG profiles, microbiome, and ARG contamination indicators in pig manure under different antimicrobial pressures between China and Europe. The results showed that Chinese pigs exposed to high level antimicrobials had higher total and plasmid-mediated ARG abundances than European pigs (P < 0.05). ANT(6)-Ib, APH(3')-IIIa, and tet(40) were the shared core ARGs between Chinese and European pigs. The core ARG identified in pigs existed a linkage between corresponding country/regions pigs and humans. Moreover, Lactobacillus and Prevotella were the dominant phyla in the core microbiome of Chinese and European pigs, respectively. Forty ARG markers and 43 biomarkers were found to differentiate Chinese and European pig manure samples with 100% and 98.7% accuracy, respectively. We identified indicators to assess the ARG contamination in Chinese and European pigs with high accuracy (r = 0.72 ~ 0.88). Escherichia flexneri in Chinese and European pigs carried numerous ARGs, ranging from 21 to 37. This study emphasized the importance of global collaboration in reducing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) risk and provided indicators for evaluating the risk of ARG contamination in pig farms.
, Available online ,
doi: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.047
Abstract:
Patterns of competition and cooperation in environment affect animal societies. In folivorous colobine primates, group size is predicted to increase in year-round food abundant rainforests due to less feeding competition. However, the observed pattern shows larger groups in seasonally leaf-deprived high-altitude/latitude montane ecosystems. This paradox is hypothesized to arise from cooperative benefits in heterogeneous environments. To test this, we first performed 6-year fieldwork on two neighboring groups of the golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana), which is the northernmost distributed colobine primate. We found the group adjusted movement and selected high-quality habitats in response to fluctuating climate and spatial-temporally heterogeneous resources indicating a dynamic foraging strategy. In winter with cold temperatures and scarce resources, the large group inhabited food-rich habitats but didn't show significantly longer daily travel distances than its neighboring small group. We then compiled an eco-behavioral dataset of 52 colobine species to determine the evolutionary path. One path suggests that an increase in group size may have resulted from an enlargement of the home range in response to the cold and heterogeneous climates in high altitudes or latitudes. Hence, we introduce a multi-benefits framework to interpret large group formation integrating the environment heterogeneity. In cold, heterogeneous environments, even small groups require extra-large home ranges for dynamic survival needs. The spatiotemporal specificity of high-quality resources within the enlarged home range allows for frequent group encounters, which promotes social aggregation into larger groups by increasing the benefits of collective action and reproduction while constraining travel costs through a dynamic foraging strategy.
Patterns of competition and cooperation in environment affect animal societies. In folivorous colobine primates, group size is predicted to increase in year-round food abundant rainforests due to less feeding competition. However, the observed pattern shows larger groups in seasonally leaf-deprived high-altitude/latitude montane ecosystems. This paradox is hypothesized to arise from cooperative benefits in heterogeneous environments. To test this, we first performed 6-year fieldwork on two neighboring groups of the golden snub-nosed monkey (Rhinopithecus roxellana), which is the northernmost distributed colobine primate. We found the group adjusted movement and selected high-quality habitats in response to fluctuating climate and spatial-temporally heterogeneous resources indicating a dynamic foraging strategy. In winter with cold temperatures and scarce resources, the large group inhabited food-rich habitats but didn't show significantly longer daily travel distances than its neighboring small group. We then compiled an eco-behavioral dataset of 52 colobine species to determine the evolutionary path. One path suggests that an increase in group size may have resulted from an enlargement of the home range in response to the cold and heterogeneous climates in high altitudes or latitudes. Hence, we introduce a multi-benefits framework to interpret large group formation integrating the environment heterogeneity. In cold, heterogeneous environments, even small groups require extra-large home ranges for dynamic survival needs. The spatiotemporal specificity of high-quality resources within the enlarged home range allows for frequent group encounters, which promotes social aggregation into larger groups by increasing the benefits of collective action and reproduction while constraining travel costs through a dynamic foraging strategy.
Abstract:
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition that results in dyskinesia. This movement disorder is commonly influenced by oxidative stress, which suggests that antioxidant peptides may hold potential for PD treatment. In this study, a novel Cathelicidin peptide named Cath-KP (GCSGRFCNLFNNRRPGRLTLIHRPGGDKRTSTGLIYV) was identified from the skin of Kaloula pulchra frog. Circular dichroism and homology modeling analyses demonstrated that Cath-KP possesses a unique αββ structure, while in vitro experiments using ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities and FRAP analysis confirmed its antioxidant properties. Additionally, experiments utilizing the MPP+-induced dopamine neuron cell line and MPTP-induced PD mice found that Cath-KP can be internalized into cells and delivered to deep brain tissues, resulting in improved cell viability and the prevention of oxidative stress damage by promoting the expression of antioxidant enzymes and alleviating the accumulation of mitochondrial and intracellular ROS through activating Sirt1/Nrf2 pathway. FAK and p38 also play a part in the regulation of it. Ultimately, Cath-KP administration to MPTP-induced PD mice resulted in the restoration of the quantity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) - positive neurons and TH contents, and improved dyskinesia as observed in behavioral experiments. To our knowledge, this is the first Cathelicidin to demonstrate potent antioxidant and neuroprotective properties in PD models by targeting oxidative stress. These findings expand the known functions of Cathelicidins and hold promise for the development of therapeutic agents for PD.
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative condition that results in dyskinesia. This movement disorder is commonly influenced by oxidative stress, which suggests that antioxidant peptides may hold potential for PD treatment. In this study, a novel Cathelicidin peptide named Cath-KP (GCSGRFCNLFNNRRPGRLTLIHRPGGDKRTSTGLIYV) was identified from the skin of Kaloula pulchra frog. Circular dichroism and homology modeling analyses demonstrated that Cath-KP possesses a unique αββ structure, while in vitro experiments using ABTS and DPPH radical scavenging activities and FRAP analysis confirmed its antioxidant properties. Additionally, experiments utilizing the MPP+-induced dopamine neuron cell line and MPTP-induced PD mice found that Cath-KP can be internalized into cells and delivered to deep brain tissues, resulting in improved cell viability and the prevention of oxidative stress damage by promoting the expression of antioxidant enzymes and alleviating the accumulation of mitochondrial and intracellular ROS through activating Sirt1/Nrf2 pathway. FAK and p38 also play a part in the regulation of it. Ultimately, Cath-KP administration to MPTP-induced PD mice resulted in the restoration of the quantity of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) - positive neurons and TH contents, and improved dyskinesia as observed in behavioral experiments. To our knowledge, this is the first Cathelicidin to demonstrate potent antioxidant and neuroprotective properties in PD models by targeting oxidative stress. These findings expand the known functions of Cathelicidins and hold promise for the development of therapeutic agents for PD.
, Available online ,
doi: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.007
Abstract:
The intestinal tract has critical roles in digesting and absorbing foods, expelling remaining wastes, and defensing against microorganisms. Profiling single cell transcriptome of intestinal track has greatly enriched the understandings on the cell types and their corresponding function heterogeneity that are important for intestine track development and disease. Although single cell transcriptome of the intestine tracts was extensively investigated in human and mice, the single cell gene expression profiles of pig caecum remained unexplored. Here, we performed single-cell RNA-seq on 45,572 cells from seven caecum samples of pigs at four developmental stages at day 30, 42, 150 and 730. We uncovered 12 major cell types and 38 subtypes, and characterized their featured genes, transcription factors and regulons, many of which were conserved in humans. We showed expansion of relative proportions of CD8+ T, GZMA (low) NKT, and decreasing of epithelium stem cells, Treg, RHEX+ T and plasmacytoid dendritic cells along the four developmental stages. We noted the upregulation of mitochondrial genes COX2 and ND2, as well as genes involved immune activation in multiple cell types after weaning. Cell-cell crosstalk analysis uncovered IBP6+ fibroblasts acted as the main signal senders at D30 while at other stages the IBP6- fibroblasts took over this role. T/NK cells interacted with epithelial cells and IBP6+ fibroblasts using GZMA-F2RL1/F2RL2 pairs only in D730 caecum. The present study provided important knowledge on cell type heterogeneity and function of pig caecum along different development stages.
The intestinal tract has critical roles in digesting and absorbing foods, expelling remaining wastes, and defensing against microorganisms. Profiling single cell transcriptome of intestinal track has greatly enriched the understandings on the cell types and their corresponding function heterogeneity that are important for intestine track development and disease. Although single cell transcriptome of the intestine tracts was extensively investigated in human and mice, the single cell gene expression profiles of pig caecum remained unexplored. Here, we performed single-cell RNA-seq on 45,572 cells from seven caecum samples of pigs at four developmental stages at day 30, 42, 150 and 730. We uncovered 12 major cell types and 38 subtypes, and characterized their featured genes, transcription factors and regulons, many of which were conserved in humans. We showed expansion of relative proportions of CD8+ T, GZMA (low) NKT, and decreasing of epithelium stem cells, Treg, RHEX+ T and plasmacytoid dendritic cells along the four developmental stages. We noted the upregulation of mitochondrial genes COX2 and ND2, as well as genes involved immune activation in multiple cell types after weaning. Cell-cell crosstalk analysis uncovered IBP6+ fibroblasts acted as the main signal senders at D30 while at other stages the IBP6- fibroblasts took over this role. T/NK cells interacted with epithelial cells and IBP6+ fibroblasts using GZMA-F2RL1/F2RL2 pairs only in D730 caecum. The present study provided important knowledge on cell type heterogeneity and function of pig caecum along different development stages.
, Available online ,
doi: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.053
Abstract:
T cells response in mammals requires synergism of the first signal and co-stimulatory signal. However, whether and how dual signaling regulates the T-cell response in early vertebrates remains unknown. In present study, we found that the teleost Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus encodes the key components of LAT signalosome: LAT, ITK, GRB2, VAV1, SLP-76, GADS, and PLC-γ1. These components are evolutionarily conserved, and CD3ε mAb-induced T-cell activation markedly increased their expression; while at least ITK, GRB2, and VAV1 could interact with LAT to form the signalosome. Downstream of the first signal, the NF-κB, MAPK/Erk, and PI3K-AKT pathways were activated upon CD3ε mAb stimulation. Furthermore, treatment of lymphocytes with CD28 mAbs triggered the AKT-mTORC1 pathway downstream of the co-stimulatory signal. A combined stimulation using CD3ε plus CD28 mAbs enhanced the phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and S6 and elevated the expression of NFAT1, c-Fos, IL-2, CD122, and CD44, signifying T-cell activation. Moreover, instead of the first signal or co-stimulatory signal alone, both dual signals are required for T-cell proliferation. In addition, full T-cell activation was accompanied by marked apoptosis and cytotoxic response. Therefore, our findings suggest that tilapia relies on dual signaling to maintain the optimal T-cell response, providing a novel perspective for understanding the evolution of the adaptive immune system.
T cells response in mammals requires synergism of the first signal and co-stimulatory signal. However, whether and how dual signaling regulates the T-cell response in early vertebrates remains unknown. In present study, we found that the teleost Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus encodes the key components of LAT signalosome: LAT, ITK, GRB2, VAV1, SLP-76, GADS, and PLC-γ1. These components are evolutionarily conserved, and CD3ε mAb-induced T-cell activation markedly increased their expression; while at least ITK, GRB2, and VAV1 could interact with LAT to form the signalosome. Downstream of the first signal, the NF-κB, MAPK/Erk, and PI3K-AKT pathways were activated upon CD3ε mAb stimulation. Furthermore, treatment of lymphocytes with CD28 mAbs triggered the AKT-mTORC1 pathway downstream of the co-stimulatory signal. A combined stimulation using CD3ε plus CD28 mAbs enhanced the phosphorylation of Erk1/2 and S6 and elevated the expression of NFAT1, c-Fos, IL-2, CD122, and CD44, signifying T-cell activation. Moreover, instead of the first signal or co-stimulatory signal alone, both dual signals are required for T-cell proliferation. In addition, full T-cell activation was accompanied by marked apoptosis and cytotoxic response. Therefore, our findings suggest that tilapia relies on dual signaling to maintain the optimal T-cell response, providing a novel perspective for understanding the evolution of the adaptive immune system.
Abstract:
Since the outbreak of COVID-19, many SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses (CoVs) have been discovered. Previous research identified a novel lineage of SARS-CoV-2-related CoVs in bat, such as RsYN04, which recognizes human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and poses a potential threat to humans. Here, we screened the binding of RsYN04 receptor-binding domain (RBD) to ACE2 orthologs from 52 animal species, and found that the virus shows a narrower ACE2-binding spectrum than SARS-CoV-2. However, the T484W mutation in the RBD can broaden the spectrum. We also evaluated 44 SARS-CoV-2 antibodies targeting seven epitope communities in RBD, together with the sera from COVID-19 convalescents and vaccinees, for their cross-reaction against RsYN04. Our results showed that all the antibodies, except for RBD-6 and RBD-7 classes, did not bind to RsYN04 RBD, indicating the substantial immune difference from SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, the complex structure of the RsYN04 RBD with a cross-reactive antibody S43 in RBD-7 revealed a potently broad epitope for the development of therapeutics and vaccines. Our findings suggest RsYN04 and other viruses belonging to the same clade have the potential to infect several species including humans, highlighting the necessity for viral surveillance and development of broad anti-coronavirus countermeasures.
Since the outbreak of COVID-19, many SARS-CoV-2-related coronaviruses (CoVs) have been discovered. Previous research identified a novel lineage of SARS-CoV-2-related CoVs in bat, such as RsYN04, which recognizes human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and poses a potential threat to humans. Here, we screened the binding of RsYN04 receptor-binding domain (RBD) to ACE2 orthologs from 52 animal species, and found that the virus shows a narrower ACE2-binding spectrum than SARS-CoV-2. However, the T484W mutation in the RBD can broaden the spectrum. We also evaluated 44 SARS-CoV-2 antibodies targeting seven epitope communities in RBD, together with the sera from COVID-19 convalescents and vaccinees, for their cross-reaction against RsYN04. Our results showed that all the antibodies, except for RBD-6 and RBD-7 classes, did not bind to RsYN04 RBD, indicating the substantial immune difference from SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, the complex structure of the RsYN04 RBD with a cross-reactive antibody S43 in RBD-7 revealed a potently broad epitope for the development of therapeutics and vaccines. Our findings suggest RsYN04 and other viruses belonging to the same clade have the potential to infect several species including humans, highlighting the necessity for viral surveillance and development of broad anti-coronavirus countermeasures.
, Available online ,
doi: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.241
Abstract:
PINK1 is believed to be a mitochondrial kinase that phosphorylates Parkin and other proteins, playing a crucial role in mitophagy and protecting against neurodegeneration. Mutations in PINK1 and Parkin lead to loss of function and early onset of Parkinson's disease. However, there is a lack of strong in vivo evidence in rodent models to support the theory that loss of PINK1 affects mitophagy and induces neurodegeneration. Additionally, PINK1 knockout pigs have not been reported to exhibit neurodegeneration. Our recent work on non-human primates demonstrates that PINK1 is selectively expressed in primate brains, but not in rodent brains. To extend this finding to other species, such as pigs, we used multiple antibodies to examine the expression of PINK1 in pig tissues. Compared to monkey tissues, we were unable to obtain convincing data showing detectable PINK1 protein expression in pig tissues. Knocking down PINK1 in cultured pig cells did not result in altered phosphorylation of Parkin and BAD, as observed in cultured monkey cells. A comparison of monkey and pig striatum revealed that there were more PINK1-phosphorylated substrates in the monkey brain. Consistently, knocking out PINK1 in pigs did not lead to obvious changes in the phosphorylation of Parkin and BAD. These findings provide new evidence that PINK1 expression is specific to primates and underscores the importance of using non-human primates to investigate the function of PINK1 and the pathology related to PINK1 deficiency.
PINK1 is believed to be a mitochondrial kinase that phosphorylates Parkin and other proteins, playing a crucial role in mitophagy and protecting against neurodegeneration. Mutations in PINK1 and Parkin lead to loss of function and early onset of Parkinson's disease. However, there is a lack of strong in vivo evidence in rodent models to support the theory that loss of PINK1 affects mitophagy and induces neurodegeneration. Additionally, PINK1 knockout pigs have not been reported to exhibit neurodegeneration. Our recent work on non-human primates demonstrates that PINK1 is selectively expressed in primate brains, but not in rodent brains. To extend this finding to other species, such as pigs, we used multiple antibodies to examine the expression of PINK1 in pig tissues. Compared to monkey tissues, we were unable to obtain convincing data showing detectable PINK1 protein expression in pig tissues. Knocking down PINK1 in cultured pig cells did not result in altered phosphorylation of Parkin and BAD, as observed in cultured monkey cells. A comparison of monkey and pig striatum revealed that there were more PINK1-phosphorylated substrates in the monkey brain. Consistently, knocking out PINK1 in pigs did not lead to obvious changes in the phosphorylation of Parkin and BAD. These findings provide new evidence that PINK1 expression is specific to primates and underscores the importance of using non-human primates to investigate the function of PINK1 and the pathology related to PINK1 deficiency.
Abstract:
The gut microbiome interacts with the host to maintain body homeostasisits and dysbiosis features in many diseases. The underlying mechanisms of gut microbe regulation of host behavior and brain functions remain unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the influence of gut microbiota on brain functions via post-translational modifications mechanisms under the presence of bacteria and sterile state without any stimulation. We performed a succinylome analysis of hippocampal proteins in GF and SPF mice and metagenomics of feces from SPF mice. And integrated these results with previously reported hippocampal acetylome and phosphorylome data from the same batch. Then followed by bioinformatics analyses. 584 succinylation sites on 455 proteins were identified, including up-regulation of 54 succinylation sites on 91 proteins and down-regulation of 99 sites on 51 proteins in GF compared to SPF. We constructed a panoramic map of gut microbiota-regulated succinylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation, and identified the “cross-talk” and relative independence between different types of post-translational modifications in modulating complicated intracellular pathways. A Pearson correlation analysis indicated that 13 taxa, mainly belonging to Bacteroidetes, correlated with the biological functions of post-translational modifications. Positive correlations between these taxa and succinylation and negative correlations with acetylation were identified in modulating the intracellular pathways. This is the first report of hippocampal physiological changes induced by the absence of gut microbiota and proteomic quantification of succinylation, phosphorylation and acetylation, which contributes to understanding the involvement of the gut microbiome in brain function and behavioral phenotypes.
The gut microbiome interacts with the host to maintain body homeostasisits and dysbiosis features in many diseases. The underlying mechanisms of gut microbe regulation of host behavior and brain functions remain unclear. This study aimed to elucidate the influence of gut microbiota on brain functions via post-translational modifications mechanisms under the presence of bacteria and sterile state without any stimulation. We performed a succinylome analysis of hippocampal proteins in GF and SPF mice and metagenomics of feces from SPF mice. And integrated these results with previously reported hippocampal acetylome and phosphorylome data from the same batch. Then followed by bioinformatics analyses. 584 succinylation sites on 455 proteins were identified, including up-regulation of 54 succinylation sites on 91 proteins and down-regulation of 99 sites on 51 proteins in GF compared to SPF. We constructed a panoramic map of gut microbiota-regulated succinylation, acetylation, and phosphorylation, and identified the “cross-talk” and relative independence between different types of post-translational modifications in modulating complicated intracellular pathways. A Pearson correlation analysis indicated that 13 taxa, mainly belonging to Bacteroidetes, correlated with the biological functions of post-translational modifications. Positive correlations between these taxa and succinylation and negative correlations with acetylation were identified in modulating the intracellular pathways. This is the first report of hippocampal physiological changes induced by the absence of gut microbiota and proteomic quantification of succinylation, phosphorylation and acetylation, which contributes to understanding the involvement of the gut microbiome in brain function and behavioral phenotypes.
Abstract:
Changes in protein abundance and in reversible protein phosphorylation (RPP) play important roles in regulating hypometabolism but have never been documented in overwintering frogs at high altitudes. To test the hypothesis that protein abundance and protein phosphorylation change in response to winter hibernation, we conducted a comprehensive and quantitative proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis of the liver of the Xizang plateau frog, Nanorana parkeri, living on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In total, 5170 proteins were quantified and 5695 phosphorylation sites on 1938 proteins were quantified, respectively. Proteomic results showed that a total of 674 (438 up, 236 down) differentially expressed proteins were screened in hibernating N. parkeri versus summer individuals. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that highly expressed proteins in winter were significantly enriched in immune-related signaling pathways, whereas low-expressed proteins were mainly involved in metabolic processes. A total of 4251 (4147 up, 104 down) modified sites belonging to 1638 (1555 up, 83 down) phosphoproteins showed a significant change in the liver. A large set of proteins are regulated during hibernation by RPP and these proteins are involved in various functions such as many metabolic enzymes, ion pumping, protein turnover, signal transduction, and alternative splicing. These changes contribute to enhancing protection, suppressing energy-consuming processes, and thus metabolic depression. Moreover, phosphofructokinase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and ATPase activities were all significantly lower in winter compared to summer. In conclusion, our present results support the hypothesis and demonstrate the importance of RPP as a regulatory mechanism when animals transition into a hypometabolic state.
Changes in protein abundance and in reversible protein phosphorylation (RPP) play important roles in regulating hypometabolism but have never been documented in overwintering frogs at high altitudes. To test the hypothesis that protein abundance and protein phosphorylation change in response to winter hibernation, we conducted a comprehensive and quantitative proteomic and phosphoproteomic analysis of the liver of the Xizang plateau frog, Nanorana parkeri, living on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. In total, 5170 proteins were quantified and 5695 phosphorylation sites on 1938 proteins were quantified, respectively. Proteomic results showed that a total of 674 (438 up, 236 down) differentially expressed proteins were screened in hibernating N. parkeri versus summer individuals. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that highly expressed proteins in winter were significantly enriched in immune-related signaling pathways, whereas low-expressed proteins were mainly involved in metabolic processes. A total of 4251 (4147 up, 104 down) modified sites belonging to 1638 (1555 up, 83 down) phosphoproteins showed a significant change in the liver. A large set of proteins are regulated during hibernation by RPP and these proteins are involved in various functions such as many metabolic enzymes, ion pumping, protein turnover, signal transduction, and alternative splicing. These changes contribute to enhancing protection, suppressing energy-consuming processes, and thus metabolic depression. Moreover, phosphofructokinase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and ATPase activities were all significantly lower in winter compared to summer. In conclusion, our present results support the hypothesis and demonstrate the importance of RPP as a regulatory mechanism when animals transition into a hypometabolic state.
Abstract:
Geographical backgrounds and dispersal ability might have strong imprint on assemblage dissimilarity; however, these aspects have generally been overlooked in large-scale beta diversity studies. Here, we examined whether patterns and drivers of taxonomic beta diversity (TBD) and phylogenetic beta diversity (PBD) of breeding birds in China vary across 1) regions on both sides of the Hu Line, a line that demarcates China’s topographical, climatic, economic, and social patterns, and 2) species with different dispersal ability. TBD and PBD were calculated and partitioned into turnover and nestedness components using a moving window approach. Variables representing climate, habitat heterogeneity, and habitat quality were used to evaluate the effects of environmental filtering, whereas spatial distance was used to assess the influences of dispersal limitation. Variance partitioning analysis was used to assess the relative role of these variables. In general, TBD and PBD values were high in mountainous areas and environmental filtering largely determined TBD and PBD. However, different dominating environmental filters on both sides of the Hu Line led to divergent beta diversity patterns. Specifically, climate-driven species turnover and habitat heterogeneity-related species nestedness dominated the regions at east and west of the Hu Line, respectively. Additionally, bird species with stronger dispersal ability were more susceptible to environmental filtering resulting in more homogeneous assemblages. Our results indicated that regions with distinctive geographical backgrounds might present different ecological factors that lead to divergent assemblage dissimilarity patterns, and dispersal ability determines the response of assemblages to these ecological factors. Identifying a single universal explanation for the observed pattern without considering these aspects might lead to simplistic or incomplete conclusions. Therefore, it is essential to consider the combined effect of geographical background and dispersal ability for comprehensively understanding large-scale patterns of beta diversity and for planning conservation strategies.
Geographical backgrounds and dispersal ability might have strong imprint on assemblage dissimilarity; however, these aspects have generally been overlooked in large-scale beta diversity studies. Here, we examined whether patterns and drivers of taxonomic beta diversity (TBD) and phylogenetic beta diversity (PBD) of breeding birds in China vary across 1) regions on both sides of the Hu Line, a line that demarcates China’s topographical, climatic, economic, and social patterns, and 2) species with different dispersal ability. TBD and PBD were calculated and partitioned into turnover and nestedness components using a moving window approach. Variables representing climate, habitat heterogeneity, and habitat quality were used to evaluate the effects of environmental filtering, whereas spatial distance was used to assess the influences of dispersal limitation. Variance partitioning analysis was used to assess the relative role of these variables. In general, TBD and PBD values were high in mountainous areas and environmental filtering largely determined TBD and PBD. However, different dominating environmental filters on both sides of the Hu Line led to divergent beta diversity patterns. Specifically, climate-driven species turnover and habitat heterogeneity-related species nestedness dominated the regions at east and west of the Hu Line, respectively. Additionally, bird species with stronger dispersal ability were more susceptible to environmental filtering resulting in more homogeneous assemblages. Our results indicated that regions with distinctive geographical backgrounds might present different ecological factors that lead to divergent assemblage dissimilarity patterns, and dispersal ability determines the response of assemblages to these ecological factors. Identifying a single universal explanation for the observed pattern without considering these aspects might lead to simplistic or incomplete conclusions. Therefore, it is essential to consider the combined effect of geographical background and dispersal ability for comprehensively understanding large-scale patterns of beta diversity and for planning conservation strategies.
Abstract:
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), particularly docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA), have been shown to play a crucial role in reproduction and reproductive health of vertebrates, including humans. However, the underlying mechanism of this phenomenon remains largely unknown. In this study, we used two zebrafish genetic models, the elovl2-/- mutant as an endogenous DHA-deficient model and the fat1 (an omega-3 desaturase encoding gene) transgenic zebrafish as an endogenous DHA-rich model, to investigate the effects of DHA on oocyte maturation and oocyte quality. Our results show that the elovl2-/- mutant zebrafish had much lower fecundity and poorer oocyte quality than the wildtype controls, while the fat1 zebrafish had higher fecundity and better oocyte quality than wildtype controls. DHA deficiency in elovl2-/- embryos led to defects of egg activation, poor microtubule stability and reduced pregnenolone levels. Further study reveals that DHA promotes pregnenolone synthesis by promoting the transcription of cyp11a1, which encodes the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, thereby stabilizing microtubule assembly during oogenesis. In turn, the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis is enhanced by DHA. In conclusion, using two unique genetic models, our study demonstrates the endogenously synthesized DHA promotes oocyte maturation and oocyte quality by promoting pregnenolone production via transcriptional regulation of cyp11a1.
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs), particularly docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n-3, DHA), have been shown to play a crucial role in reproduction and reproductive health of vertebrates, including humans. However, the underlying mechanism of this phenomenon remains largely unknown. In this study, we used two zebrafish genetic models, the elovl2-/- mutant as an endogenous DHA-deficient model and the fat1 (an omega-3 desaturase encoding gene) transgenic zebrafish as an endogenous DHA-rich model, to investigate the effects of DHA on oocyte maturation and oocyte quality. Our results show that the elovl2-/- mutant zebrafish had much lower fecundity and poorer oocyte quality than the wildtype controls, while the fat1 zebrafish had higher fecundity and better oocyte quality than wildtype controls. DHA deficiency in elovl2-/- embryos led to defects of egg activation, poor microtubule stability and reduced pregnenolone levels. Further study reveals that DHA promotes pregnenolone synthesis by promoting the transcription of cyp11a1, which encodes the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, thereby stabilizing microtubule assembly during oogenesis. In turn, the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal (HPG) axis is enhanced by DHA. In conclusion, using two unique genetic models, our study demonstrates the endogenously synthesized DHA promotes oocyte maturation and oocyte quality by promoting pregnenolone production via transcriptional regulation of cyp11a1.
, Available online ,
doi: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.246
Abstract:
The Recalcitrance of pathogens to traditional antibiotics has made treating and eradicating bacterial infections more difficult. In this regard, developing new antimicrobial agents to combat antibiotic-resistant strains has become a top priority. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), a ubiquitous class of naturally occurring compounds with broad-spectrum anti-pathogen activity, hold significant promise as one of the most effective solutions to the current antimicrobial resistance (AMR) crisis. Several AMPs have been identified and evaluated for their therapeutic application, with many already in the drug development pipeline. Their distinct properties, such as high target specificity, potency, and the ability to bypass microbial resistance mechanisms, make them a promising alternative to traditional antibiotics. Nonetheless, several challenges, such as high toxicity, lability to proteolytic degradation, low stability, poor pharmacokinetics, and high production costs, continue to hamper their clinical applicability. Therefore, much recent research has focused on optimizing antimicrobial peptides’ properties to improve their performance. By understanding the physiochemical properties of AMPs, such as amphipathicity, hydrophobicity, structural conformation, amino acid distribution, and composition, that correspond to their activity, researchers can design AMPs with desired and improved performance. In this review, we highlight some of the key strategies, rational design and de novo design, used to optimize the performance of AMPs. We also discuss how the evolution of predictive computational tools and technologies that utilize artificial intelligence and machine learning are increasingly being used to design and synthesize lead drug candidates with high efficacy.
The Recalcitrance of pathogens to traditional antibiotics has made treating and eradicating bacterial infections more difficult. In this regard, developing new antimicrobial agents to combat antibiotic-resistant strains has become a top priority. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), a ubiquitous class of naturally occurring compounds with broad-spectrum anti-pathogen activity, hold significant promise as one of the most effective solutions to the current antimicrobial resistance (AMR) crisis. Several AMPs have been identified and evaluated for their therapeutic application, with many already in the drug development pipeline. Their distinct properties, such as high target specificity, potency, and the ability to bypass microbial resistance mechanisms, make them a promising alternative to traditional antibiotics. Nonetheless, several challenges, such as high toxicity, lability to proteolytic degradation, low stability, poor pharmacokinetics, and high production costs, continue to hamper their clinical applicability. Therefore, much recent research has focused on optimizing antimicrobial peptides’ properties to improve their performance. By understanding the physiochemical properties of AMPs, such as amphipathicity, hydrophobicity, structural conformation, amino acid distribution, and composition, that correspond to their activity, researchers can design AMPs with desired and improved performance. In this review, we highlight some of the key strategies, rational design and de novo design, used to optimize the performance of AMPs. We also discuss how the evolution of predictive computational tools and technologies that utilize artificial intelligence and machine learning are increasingly being used to design and synthesize lead drug candidates with high efficacy.
Abstract:
LncRNAs (long non-coding RNAs) have been recognized as key modulators in mammalian immunity, and particular emphasis is placed on the mechanism of lncRNA-mediated ceRNA (competitive endogenous RNA) crosstalk. To date, investigations on lncRNAs in lower vertebrates still remain tentative. In the present study, we characterized the first immune-related lncRNA, termed pol-lnc78, in teleost fish Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). We found that pol-lnc78 acts as a ceRNA for pol-miR-n199-3p to SARM (sterile alpha and armadillo motif-containing protein), the last discovered TIR adaptor. This intertwined ceRNA trinity regulates flounder antibacterial responses through TLR signaling pathway. Specifically, SARM as a negative regulator exacerbates bacterial infection through inhibiting the expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α. Pol-miR-n199-3p reduces SARM expression via specific interacting with the 3’UTR region, thereby promoting SARM-dependent inflammatory cytokines expression and protecting host against bacterial dissemination. Furthermore, pol-lnc78 sponges pol-miR-n199-3p to relieve the expression inhibition on SARM. In particular, during infection, the negative regulators pol-lnc78 and SARM are significantly downregulated, while pol-miR-n199-3p is significantly upregulated in expression, thus favoring host antibacterial defense. The results of this study provide new insights into the mechanism of fish immunity, and open up new horizons to a better understanding of ceRNA crosstalk in lower vertebrates.
LncRNAs (long non-coding RNAs) have been recognized as key modulators in mammalian immunity, and particular emphasis is placed on the mechanism of lncRNA-mediated ceRNA (competitive endogenous RNA) crosstalk. To date, investigations on lncRNAs in lower vertebrates still remain tentative. In the present study, we characterized the first immune-related lncRNA, termed pol-lnc78, in teleost fish Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). We found that pol-lnc78 acts as a ceRNA for pol-miR-n199-3p to SARM (sterile alpha and armadillo motif-containing protein), the last discovered TIR adaptor. This intertwined ceRNA trinity regulates flounder antibacterial responses through TLR signaling pathway. Specifically, SARM as a negative regulator exacerbates bacterial infection through inhibiting the expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α. Pol-miR-n199-3p reduces SARM expression via specific interacting with the 3’UTR region, thereby promoting SARM-dependent inflammatory cytokines expression and protecting host against bacterial dissemination. Furthermore, pol-lnc78 sponges pol-miR-n199-3p to relieve the expression inhibition on SARM. In particular, during infection, the negative regulators pol-lnc78 and SARM are significantly downregulated, while pol-miR-n199-3p is significantly upregulated in expression, thus favoring host antibacterial defense. The results of this study provide new insights into the mechanism of fish immunity, and open up new horizons to a better understanding of ceRNA crosstalk in lower vertebrates.
, Available online ,
doi: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.060
Abstract:
Regulatory sequences and transposable elements (TEs) account for a large proportion of the genome sequences of species, while their roles in gene transcription, especially tissue-specific expression, remain largely unknown. Pigs are an excellent animal models for studying the biology of the genome sequences owing to their great diversity of wild and domesticated populations. Here, we integrated H3K27ac ChIP-seq, H3K4me3 ChIP-seq and RNA-seq data from 10 tissues of the same 7 fetuses and their consanguineously related 8 adult pigs to annotate the regulatory elements and TEs for their links with histone modifications and mRNA expression across varying tissues and development stages. The association analyses of mRNA expression with H3K27ac and H3K4me3 peak activity revealed that H3K27ac peaks showed stronger associations with gene expression than H3K4me3. We revealed that 1.45% of the TEs overlapped with H3K27ac or H3K4me3 peaks, of which the majority displayed tissue-specific activity. We identified a TE subfamily (LTR4C_SS) with binding motifs for SIX1 and SIX4 that showed specific enrichment in adult and fetal ovary H3K27ac peaks. We also revealed widespread expression of TEs as part of exons or promoters of genes from the RNA-seq data, including 4688 TE-containing transcripts that displayed development stage and tissue-specific expression. Notably, 1967 TE-containing transcripts were enriched in the testes. We highlighted that an LTR acting as a testis-specific alternative promoter in SRPK2 (a cell cycle-related protein kinase) in our pig data, MLT1F1, was also conserved in humans and mice, suggesting an ancient embedding of the TEs in testis-specific expressed genes or parallel evolution. Collectively, our work demonstrates that TEs are deeply embedded in the genome and exhibit important tissue-specific biological functions, particularly in the reproductive organs.
Regulatory sequences and transposable elements (TEs) account for a large proportion of the genome sequences of species, while their roles in gene transcription, especially tissue-specific expression, remain largely unknown. Pigs are an excellent animal models for studying the biology of the genome sequences owing to their great diversity of wild and domesticated populations. Here, we integrated H3K27ac ChIP-seq, H3K4me3 ChIP-seq and RNA-seq data from 10 tissues of the same 7 fetuses and their consanguineously related 8 adult pigs to annotate the regulatory elements and TEs for their links with histone modifications and mRNA expression across varying tissues and development stages. The association analyses of mRNA expression with H3K27ac and H3K4me3 peak activity revealed that H3K27ac peaks showed stronger associations with gene expression than H3K4me3. We revealed that 1.45% of the TEs overlapped with H3K27ac or H3K4me3 peaks, of which the majority displayed tissue-specific activity. We identified a TE subfamily (LTR4C_SS) with binding motifs for SIX1 and SIX4 that showed specific enrichment in adult and fetal ovary H3K27ac peaks. We also revealed widespread expression of TEs as part of exons or promoters of genes from the RNA-seq data, including 4688 TE-containing transcripts that displayed development stage and tissue-specific expression. Notably, 1967 TE-containing transcripts were enriched in the testes. We highlighted that an LTR acting as a testis-specific alternative promoter in SRPK2 (a cell cycle-related protein kinase) in our pig data, MLT1F1, was also conserved in humans and mice, suggesting an ancient embedding of the TEs in testis-specific expressed genes or parallel evolution. Collectively, our work demonstrates that TEs are deeply embedded in the genome and exhibit important tissue-specific biological functions, particularly in the reproductive organs.
, Available online ,
doi: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.039
Abstract:
A total of 10 Alcyonacea corals were collected at depths ranging from 900 m to 1640 m by the manned submersible Shenhai Yongshi during two cruises in the South China Sea (SCS). Phylogenetic distance and average nucleotide identity (ANI) analyses of mitochondrial genomes combined with morphology examination and sclerite scanning showed that the collected samples could be assigned to four suborders - Calcaxonia, Holaxonia, Scleraxonia, and Stolonifera - which might represent 10 novel deep-sea species. The analyses of the dissimilarity of GC skew, phylogenetic distance, and ANI indicated that the evolution of Octocorallia mitochondrial sequences was slow. The nonsynonymous (Ka) and synonymous (Ks) substitution (Ka/Ks) ratios indicated that 14 protein-coding genes (PCGs) were undergoing purifying selection and that the selection pressures might be from specific deep-sea environments. The correlation analysis of median values of Ka/Ks ratio of five gene families and environmental factors showed that the genes encoding cytochrome b (cob) and DNA mismatch repair protein (mutS) might be driven by environmental factors to format deep-sea species. This study highlighted the slow evolution and adaptative mechanism of deep-sea corals in the deep ocean.
A total of 10 Alcyonacea corals were collected at depths ranging from 900 m to 1640 m by the manned submersible Shenhai Yongshi during two cruises in the South China Sea (SCS). Phylogenetic distance and average nucleotide identity (ANI) analyses of mitochondrial genomes combined with morphology examination and sclerite scanning showed that the collected samples could be assigned to four suborders - Calcaxonia, Holaxonia, Scleraxonia, and Stolonifera - which might represent 10 novel deep-sea species. The analyses of the dissimilarity of GC skew, phylogenetic distance, and ANI indicated that the evolution of Octocorallia mitochondrial sequences was slow. The nonsynonymous (Ka) and synonymous (Ks) substitution (Ka/Ks) ratios indicated that 14 protein-coding genes (PCGs) were undergoing purifying selection and that the selection pressures might be from specific deep-sea environments. The correlation analysis of median values of Ka/Ks ratio of five gene families and environmental factors showed that the genes encoding cytochrome b (cob) and DNA mismatch repair protein (mutS) might be driven by environmental factors to format deep-sea species. This study highlighted the slow evolution and adaptative mechanism of deep-sea corals in the deep ocean.
Abstract:
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been widely reported to have a potential association with LBP (Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein) mutation. However, the mechanisms, especially epigenetic mechanisms underpinning the association remain elusive. Herein, we constructed LBP-/- rats with NAFLD and performed integrative analysis of targeting-active enhancer H3K27ac chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with high-throughput sequencing and transcriptomic sequencing to explore the potential epigenetic pathomechanisms of active enhancer in the exacerbation of NAFLD upon LBP deficiency. Intriguingly, we found that LBP-/- could reduce inflammatory response but markedly deteriorate HFD-induced NAFLD in rats, with abundant alterations of histone acetylome and regulatory transcriptome. In total, 1,128 differential enhancer-target genes significantly enriched in cholesterol metabolic process and fatty acid metabolic process were identified with | Cor (peak-gene correlation) | > 0.5 and a | log2 (fold change) | > 1.5 between WT and LBP-/- NAFLD rats. Notably, based on our integrative analysis method, we screened out TF C/EBPβ (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β) as a pivotal contributor to dysregulated histone acetylome H3K27ac and lipid metabolism gene SCD as a downstream effector to exacerbate NAFLD. Thus, this study not only broadens our understanding of the essential role of LBP in the pathogenesis of NAFLD from the perspective of epigenetics, but identifies key TF C/EBPβ and hub functional gene SCD as potential regulators that may serve as possible therapeutic targets.
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been widely reported to have a potential association with LBP (Lipopolysaccharide-binding protein) mutation. However, the mechanisms, especially epigenetic mechanisms underpinning the association remain elusive. Herein, we constructed LBP-/- rats with NAFLD and performed integrative analysis of targeting-active enhancer H3K27ac chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled with high-throughput sequencing and transcriptomic sequencing to explore the potential epigenetic pathomechanisms of active enhancer in the exacerbation of NAFLD upon LBP deficiency. Intriguingly, we found that LBP-/- could reduce inflammatory response but markedly deteriorate HFD-induced NAFLD in rats, with abundant alterations of histone acetylome and regulatory transcriptome. In total, 1,128 differential enhancer-target genes significantly enriched in cholesterol metabolic process and fatty acid metabolic process were identified with | Cor (peak-gene correlation) | > 0.5 and a | log2 (fold change) | > 1.5 between WT and LBP-/- NAFLD rats. Notably, based on our integrative analysis method, we screened out TF C/EBPβ (CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β) as a pivotal contributor to dysregulated histone acetylome H3K27ac and lipid metabolism gene SCD as a downstream effector to exacerbate NAFLD. Thus, this study not only broadens our understanding of the essential role of LBP in the pathogenesis of NAFLD from the perspective of epigenetics, but identifies key TF C/EBPβ and hub functional gene SCD as potential regulators that may serve as possible therapeutic targets.
, Available online ,
doi: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.038
Abstract:
Estimation of population size is a core of wildlife population ecology and conservation. Although GPS collars has long been considered as an effective and promising method on monitoring behavior of wildlife, few studies have used this technique to estimate wildlife population size. In this study, we used the GPS telemetry method for conducting population census. We deployed GPS collars on 32 rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) in 9 groups on a small island and collected 109,739 fixes from May 2021 to April 2022. We used fixes of all tracked individuals within a group to calculate home range for each group. The annual home range of 9 groups ranged from 13.9 ha to 55.4 ha. Home ranges had substantial overlap with neighboring groups, and the largest ratio of exclusively use occurred in March. We estimated that the study area had the capacity to accommodate 38.6 macaque groups within their respective home ranges and the population size was 957 ± 193 macaques on the island by multiplying the mean group size (24.8 ± 5.0). In addition, we compared the similarity of utilization distribution between each individual and their belonging group. The result indicated that using a single individual’s dataset could represent the whole group’s home range and utilization pattern on most occasions. Our method is labor saving, independent of experience and observational ability of surveyors, of high repeatability, and can generate a huge amount of fixes to explore other important ecological questions.
Abstract:
Quantification of behaviors in macaques provides crucial support for various scientific disciplines, including pharmacology, neuroscience, and ethology. Despite recent advancements in the analysis of macaque behavior, research on multi-label behavior detection in socially housed macaques, including consideration of interactions among them, remains scarce. Given the lack of relevant approaches and datasets, we developed the Behavior-Aware Relation Network (BARN) for multi-label behavior detection of socially housed macaques. Our approach models the relationship of behavioral similarity between macaques, guided by a behavior-aware module and novel behavior classifier, which is suitable for multi-label classification. We also constructed a behavior dataset of rhesus macaques using ordinary RGB cameras mounted outside their cages. The dataset included 65 913 labels for 19 behaviors and 60 367 proposals, including identities and locations of the macaques. Experimental results showed that BARN significantly improved the baseline SlowFast network and outperformed existing relation networks. In conclusion, we successfully achieved multi-label behavior detection of socially housed macaques with both economic efficiency and high accuracy.
Quantification of behaviors in macaques provides crucial support for various scientific disciplines, including pharmacology, neuroscience, and ethology. Despite recent advancements in the analysis of macaque behavior, research on multi-label behavior detection in socially housed macaques, including consideration of interactions among them, remains scarce. Given the lack of relevant approaches and datasets, we developed the Behavior-Aware Relation Network (BARN) for multi-label behavior detection of socially housed macaques. Our approach models the relationship of behavioral similarity between macaques, guided by a behavior-aware module and novel behavior classifier, which is suitable for multi-label classification. We also constructed a behavior dataset of rhesus macaques using ordinary RGB cameras mounted outside their cages. The dataset included 65 913 labels for 19 behaviors and 60 367 proposals, including identities and locations of the macaques. Experimental results showed that BARN significantly improved the baseline SlowFast network and outperformed existing relation networks. In conclusion, we successfully achieved multi-label behavior detection of socially housed macaques with both economic efficiency and high accuracy.
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2023, 44(6): 993-1002.
doi: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.495
Targeting key enzymes that generate oxalate precursors or substrates is an alternative strategy to eliminate primary hyperoxaluria type I (PH1), the most common and life-threatening type of primary hyperoxaluria. The compact Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) from the Prevotella and Francisella 1 (Cpf1) protein simplifies multiplex gene editing and allows for all-in-one adeno-associated virus (AAV) delivery. We hypothesized that the multiplex capabilities of the Cpf1 system could help minimize oxalate formation in PH1 by simultaneously targeting the hepatic hydroxyacid oxidase 1 (Hao1) and lactate dehydrogenase A (Ldha) genes. Study cohorts included treated PH1 rats (AgxtQ84X rats injected with AAV-AsCpf1 at 7 days of age), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-injected PH1 rats, untreated PH1 rats, and age-matched wild-type (WT) rats. The most efficient and specific CRISPR RNA (crRNA) pairs targeting the rat Hao1 and Ldha genes were initially screened ex vivo. In vivo experiments demonstrated efficient genome editing of the Hao1 and Ldha genes, primarily resulting in small deletions. This resulted in decreased transcription and translational expression of Hao1 and Ldha. Treatment significantly reduced urine oxalate levels, reduced kidney damage, and alleviated nephrocalcinosis in rats with PH1. No liver toxicity, ex-liver genome editing, or obvious off-target effects were detected. We demonstrated the AAV-AsCpf1 system can target multiple genes and rescue the pathogenic phenotype in PH1, serving as a proof-of-concept for the development of multiplex genome editing-based gene therapy.
2023, 44(6): 1003-1014.
doi: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.108
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can result in more severe syndromes and poorer outcomes in patients with diabetes and obesity. However, the precise mechanisms responsible for the combined impact of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and diabetes have not yet been elucidated, and effective treatment options for SARS-CoV-2-infected diabetic patients remain limited. To investigate the disease pathogenesis, K18-hACE2 transgenic (hACE2Tg) mice with a leptin receptor deficiency (hACE2-Lepr-/- mice) or high-fat diet background (hACE2-HFD mice) were generated. The two mouse models were intranasally infected with a 5×105 median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) of SARS-CoV-2, with serum and lung tissue samples collected at 3 days post-infection. The hACE2-Lepr-/- mice were then administered a combination of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) (1 mg/kg or 5 mg/kg) and insulin via subcutaneous injection prior to intranasal infection with 1×104 TCID50 of SARS-CoV-2. Daily drug administration continued until the euthanasia of the mice. Analyses of viral RNA loads, histopathological changes in lung tissue, and inflammation factors were conducted. Results demonstrated similar SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility in hACE2Tg mice under both lean (chow diet) and obese (HFD) conditions. However, compared to the hACE2-Lepr+/+ mice, hACE2-Lepr-/- mice exhibited more severe lung injury, enhanced expression of inflammatory cytokines and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, and increased apoptosis. Moreover, combined LMWH and insulin treatment effectively reduced disease progression and severity, attenuated lung pathological changes, and mitigated inflammatory responses. In conclusion, pre-existing diabetes can lead to more severe lung damage upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, and LMWH may be a valuable therapeutic approach for managing COVID-19 patients with diabetes.
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The common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) has emerged as a valuable nonhuman primate model in biomedical research with the recent release of high-quality reference genome assemblies. Epileptic marmosets have been independently reported in two Asian primate research centers. Nevertheless, the population genetics within these primate centers and the specific genetic variants associated with epilepsy in marmosets have not yet been elucidated. Here, we characterized the genetic relationships and risk variants for epilepsy in 41 samples from two epileptic marmoset pedigrees using whole-genome sequencing. We identified 14 558 184 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from the 41 samples and found higher chimerism levels in blood samples than in fingernail samples. Genetic analysis showed fourth-degree of relatedness among marmosets at the primate centers. In addition, SNP and copy number variation (CNV) analyses suggested that the WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX) and Tyrosine-protein phosphatase nonreceptor type 21 (PTPN21) genes may be associated with epilepsy in marmosets. Notably, KCTD18-like gene deletion was more common in epileptic marmosets than control marmosets. This study provides valuable population genomic resources for marmosets in two Asian primate centers. Genetic analyses identified a reasonable breeding strategy for genetic diversity maintenance in the two centers, while the case-control study revealed potential risk genes/variants associated with epilepsy in marmosets.
Activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), one of the three sensor proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), is an important regulator of ER stress-induced apoptosis. ATF6 resides in the ER and, upon activation, is translocated to the Golgi apparatus, where it is cleaved by site-1 protease (S1P) to generate an amino-terminal cytoplasmic fragment. Although recent studies have made progress in elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of ATF6, its function during early porcine embryonic development under high-temperature (HT) stress remains unclear. In this study, zygotes were divided into four groups: control, HT, HT+ATF6 knockdown, and HT+PF (S1P inhibitor). Results showed that HT exposure induced ER stress, which increased ATF6 protein expression and led to a decrease in the blastocyst rate. Next, ATF6 expression was knocked down in HT embryos under microinjection of ATF6 double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Results revealed that ATF6 knockdown (ATF6-KD) attenuated the increased expression of CHOP, an ER stress marker, and Ca2+ release induced by HT. In addition, ATF6-KD alleviated homeostasis dysregulation among organelles caused by HT-induced ER stress, and further reduced Golgi apparatus and mitochondrial dysfunction in HT embryos. AIFM2 is an important downstream effector of ATF6. Results showed that ATF6-KD reduced the occurrence of AIFM2-mediated embryonic apoptosis at HT. Taken together, our findings suggest that ATF6 is a crucial mediator of apoptosis during early porcine embryonic development, resulting from HT-induced ER stress and disruption of organelle homeostasis.
2023, 44(5): 860-866.
doi: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.526
Animals that live in seasonal environments adjust their reproduction cycle to optimize seasonal forage quality. Giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) are seasonal altitudinal migrants that feed on bamboo shoots and leaves with different nutritional quality. However, the importance of bamboo shoots to giant pandas, especially small and isolated populations, is not fully appreciated. Here, we explored whether mating time of giant pandas is shaped by bamboo shoot phenology. We also assessed the intensity of ongoing bamboo shoot harvesting by local communities in 42 giant panda reserves based on questionnaire surveys. Varying intensity and protection levels of bamboo shoot harvesting were found. From these data, we developed a priority ranking scheme of protection areas for this key food resource. Our study showed that pandas time their mating behavior to coincide with bamboo shoot phenology due to the high nutritional demands associated with mating and pregnancy. We also found that bamboo shoots were not well protected in many places. Liangshan, Daxiangling, and Xiaoxiangling, containing the most isolated panda populations, were identified as the areas with the most urgent need of protection. Furthermore, equal attention should be paid to the QiongL-B population, as this region holds considerable potential to serve as a corridor between the Minshan and Qionglai populations. To address the challenges posed by bamboo shoot harvesting, we recommend establishing more practical bamboo shoot management policies, increasing public awareness of bamboo shoot protection, and providing alternative sources of income for local communities.
Synaptic dysfunction is an important pathological hallmark and cause of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). High-frequency stimulation (HFS)-induced long-term potentiation (LTP) has been widely used to study synaptic plasticity, with impaired LTP found to be associated with AD. However, the exact molecular mechanism underlying synaptic plasticity has yet to be completely elucidated. Whether genes regulating synaptic plasticity are altered in AD and contribute to disease onset also remains unclear. Herein, we induced LTP in the hippocampal CA1 region of wild-type (WT) and AD model mice by administering HFS to the CA3 region and then studied transcriptome changes in the CA1 region. We identified 89 genes that may participate in normal synaptic plasticity by screening HFS-induced differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in mice with normal LTP, and 43 genes that may contribute to synaptic dysfunction in AD by comparing HFS-induced DEGs in mice with normal LTP and AD mice with impaired LTP. We further refined the 43 genes down to 14 by screening for genes with altered expression in pathological-stage AD mice without HFS induction. Among them, we found that the expression of Pygm, which catabolizes glycogen, was also decreased in AD patients. We further demonstrated that down-regulation of PYGM in neurons impaired synaptic plasticity and cognition in WT mice, while its overexpression attenuated synaptic dysfunction and cognitive deficits in AD mice. Moreover, we showed that PYGM directly regulated energy generation in neurons. Our study not only indicates that PYGM-mediated energy production in neurons plays an important role in synaptic function, but also provides a novel LTP-based strategy to systematically identify genes regulating synaptic plasticity under physiological and pathological conditions.
2023, 44(5): 882-893.
doi: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.003
Accurately recognizing facial expressions is essential for effective social interactions. Non-human primates (NHPs) are widely used in the study of the neural mechanisms underpinning facial expression processing, yet it remains unclear how well monkeys can recognize the facial expressions of other species such as humans. In this study, we systematically investigated how monkeys process the facial expressions of conspecifics and humans using eye-tracking technology and sophisticated behavioral tasks, namely the temporal discrimination task (TDT) and face scan task (FST). We found that monkeys showed prolonged subjective time perception in response to Negative facial expressions in monkeys while showing longer reaction time to Negative facial expressions in humans. Monkey faces also reliably induced divergent pupil contraction in response to different expressions, while human faces and scrambled monkey faces did not. Furthermore, viewing patterns in the FST indicated that monkeys only showed bias toward emotional expressions upon observing monkey faces. Finally, masking the eye region marginally decreased the viewing duration for monkey faces but not for human faces. By probing facial expression processing in monkeys, our study demonstrates that monkeys are more sensitive to the facial expressions of conspecifics than those of humans, thus shedding new light on inter-species communication through facial expressions between NHPs and humans.
2023, 44(5): 894-904.
doi: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.084
Conjugative transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) by plasmids is an important route for ARG dissemination. An increasing number of antibiotic and nonantibiotic compounds have been reported to aid the spread of ARGs, highlighting potential challenges for controlling this type of horizontal transfer. Development of conjugation inhibitors that block or delay the transfer of ARG-bearing plasmids is a promising strategy to control the propagation of antibiotic resistance. Although such inhibitors are rare, they typically exhibit relatively high toxicity and low efficacy in vivo and their mechanisms of action are inadequately understood. Here, we studied the effects of dihydroartemisinin (DHA), an artemisinin derivative used to treat malaria, on conjugation. DHA inhibited the conjugation of the IncI2 and IncX4 plasmids carrying the mobile colistin resistance gene (mcr-1) by more than 160-fold in vitro in Escherichia coli, and more than two-fold (IncI2 plasmid) in vivo in a mouse model. It also suppressed the transfer of the IncX3 plasmid carrying the carbapenem resistance gene blaNDM-5 by more than two-fold in vitro. Detection of intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and proton motive force (PMF), in combination with transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses, revealed that DHA impaired the function of the electron transport chain (ETC) by inhibiting the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle pathway, thereby disrupting PMF and limiting the availability of intracellular ATP for plasmid conjugative transfer. Furthermore, expression levels of genes related to conjugation and pilus generation were significantly down-regulated during DHA exposure, indicating that the transfer apparatus for conjugation may be inhibited. Our findings provide new insights into the control of antibiotic resistance and the potential use of DHA.
Previous studies have shown that Vibrio splendidus infection causes mitochondrial damage in Apostichopus japonicus coelomocytes, leading to the production of excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and irreversible apoptotic cell death. Emerging evidence suggests that mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) is the most effective method for eliminating damaged mitochondria and ROS, with choline dehydrogenase (CHDH) identified as a novel mitophagy receptor that can recognize non-ubiquitin damage signals and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) in vertebrates. However, the functional role of CHDH in invertebrates is largely unknown. In this study, we observed a significant increase in the mRNA and protein expression levels of A. japonicus CHDH (AjCHDH) in response to V. splendidus infection and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge, consistent with changes in mitophagy under the same conditions. Notably, AjCHDH was localized to the mitochondria rather than the cytosol following V. splendidus infection. Moreover, AjCHDH knockdown using siRNA transfection significantly reduced mitophagy levels, as observed through transmission electron microscopy and confocal microscopy. Further investigation into the molecular mechanisms underlying CHDH-regulated mitophagy showed that AjCHDH lacked an LC3-interacting region (LIR) for direct binding to LC3 but possessed a FB1 structural domain that binds to SQSTM1. The interaction between AjCHDH and SQSTM1 was further confirmed by immunoprecipitation analysis. Furthermore, laser confocal microscopy indicated that SQSTM1 and LC3 were recruited by AjCHDH in coelomocytes and HEK293T cells. In contrast, AjCHDH interference hindered SQSTM1 and LC3 recruitment to the mitochondria, a critical step in damaged mitochondrial degradation. Thus, AjCHDH interference led to a significant increase in both mitochondrial and intracellular ROS, followed by increased apoptosis and decreased coelomocyte survival. Collectively, these findings indicate that AjCHDH-mediated mitophagy plays a crucial role in coelomocyte survival in A. japonicus following V. splendidus infection.
2023, 44(5): 919-931.
doi: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.504
Under increasing anthropogenic pressure, species with a previously contiguous distribution across their ranges have been reduced to small fragmented populations. The critically endangered Yangtze finless porpoise (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis asiaeorientalis), once commonly observed in the Yangtze River-Poyang Lake junction, is now rarely seen in the river-lake corridor. In this study, static passive acoustic monitoring techniques were used to detect the biosonar activities of the Yangtze finless porpoise in this unique corridor. Generalized linear models were used to examine the correlation between these activities and anthropogenic impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown and boat navigation, as well as environmental variables, including hydrological conditions and light levels. Over approximately three consecutive years of monitoring (2020–2022), porpoise biosonar was detected during 93% of logged days, indicating the key role of the corridor for finless porpoise conservation. In addition, porpoise clicks were recorded in 3.80% of minutes, while feeding correlated buzzes were detected in 1.23% of minutes, suggesting the potential existence of localized, small-scale migration. Furthermore, both anthropogenic and environmental variables were significantly correlated with the diel, lunar, monthly, seasonal, and annual variations in porpoise biosonar activities. During the pandemic lockdown period, porpoise sonar detection showed a significant increase. Furthermore, a significant negative correlation was identified between the detection of porpoise click trains and buzzes and boat traffic intensity. In addition to water level and flux, daylight and moonlight exhibited significant correlations with porpoise biosonar activities, with markedly higher detections at night and quarter moon periods. Ensuring the spatiotemporal reduction of anthropogenic activities, implementing vessel speed restrictions (e.g., during porpoise migration and feeding), and maintaining local natural hydrological regimes are critical factors for sustaining porpoise population viability.
2023, 44(5): 932-935.
doi: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.523
2023, 44(5): 950-953.
doi: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.087
2023, 44(5): 954-966.
doi: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.098
Hypoxia is a common environmental stress factor in aquatic organisms, which varies among fish species. However, the mechanisms underlying the ability of fish species to tolerate hypoxia are not well known. Here, we showed that hypoxia response in different fish species was affected by lipid catabolism and preference for lipid or carbohydrate energy sources. Activation of biochemical lipid catabolism through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (Pparα) or increasing mitochondrial fat oxidation in tilapia decreased tolerance to acute hypoxia by increasing oxygen consumption and oxidative damage and reducing carbohydrate catabolism as an energy source. Conversely, lipid catabolism inhibition by suppressing entry of lipids into mitochondria in tilapia or individually knocking out three key genes of lipid catabolism in zebrafish increased tolerance to acute hypoxia by decreasing oxygen consumption and oxidative damage and promoting carbohydrate catabolism. However, anaerobic glycolysis suppression eliminated lipid catabolism inhibition-promoted hypoxia tolerance in adipose triglyceride lipase (atgl) mutant zebrafish. Using 14 fish species with different trophic levels and taxonomic status, the fish preferentially using lipids for energy were more intolerant to acute hypoxia than those preferentially using carbohydrates. Our study shows that hypoxia tolerance in fish depends on catabolic preference for lipids or carbohydrates, which can be modified by regulating lipid catabolism.
Video-based action recognition is becoming a vital tool in clinical research and neuroscientific study for disorder detection and prediction. However, action recognition currently used in non-human primate (NHP) research relies heavily on intense manual labor and lacks standardized assessment. In this work, we established two standard benchmark datasets of NHPs in the laboratory: MonkeyinLab (MiL), which includes 13 categories of actions and postures, and MiL2D, which includes sequences of two-dimensional (2D) skeleton features. Furthermore, based on recent methodological advances in deep learning and skeleton visualization, we introduced the MonkeyMonitorKit (MonKit) toolbox for automatic action recognition, posture estimation, and identification of fine motor activity in monkeys. Using the datasets and MonKit, we evaluated the daily behaviors of wild-type cynomolgus monkeys within their home cages and experimental environments and compared these observations with the behaviors exhibited by cynomolgus monkeys possessing mutations in the MECP2 gene as a disease model of Rett syndrome (RTT). MonKit was used to assess motor function, stereotyped behaviors, and depressive phenotypes, with the outcomes compared with human manual detection. MonKit established consistent criteria for identifying behavior in NHPs with high accuracy and efficiency, thus providing a novel and comprehensive tool for assessing phenotypic behavior in monkeys.
2023, 44(5): 981-992.
doi: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2023.044
Planarians represent the most primitive bilateral triploblastic animals. Most planarian species exhibit mechanisms for whole-body regeneration, exemplified by the regeneration of their cephalic ganglion after complete excision. Given their robust whole-body regeneration capacity, planarians have been model organisms in regenerative research for more than 240 years. Advancements in research tools and techniques have progressively elucidated the mechanisms underlying planarian regeneration. Accurate cell-cell communication is recognized as a fundamental requirement for regeneration. In recent decades, mechanisms associated with such communication have been revealed at the cellular level. Notably, stem cells (neoblasts) have been identified as the source of all new cells during planarian homeostasis and regeneration. The interplay between neoblasts and somatic cells affects the identities and proportions of various tissues during homeostasis and regeneration. Here, this review outlines key discoveries regarding communication between stem cell compartments and other cell types in planarians, as well as the impact of communication on planarian regeneration. Additionally, this review discusses the challenges and potential directions of future planarian research, emphasizing the sustained impact of this field on our understanding of animal regeneration.
2023, 44(5): 993-993.
Targeting key enzymes that generate oxalate precursors or substrates is an alternative strategy to eliminate primary hyperoxaluria type I (PH1), the most common and life-threatening type of primary hyperoxaluria. The compact Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) from the Prevotella and Francisella 1 (Cpf1) protein simplifies multiplex gene editing and allows for all-in-one adeno-associated virus (AAV) delivery. We hypothesized that the multiplex capabilities of the Cpf1 system could help minimize oxalate formation in PH1 by simultaneously targeting the hepatic hydroxyacid oxidase 1 (Hao1) and lactate dehydrogenase A (Ldha) genes. Study cohorts included treated PH1 rats (AgxtQ84X rats injected with AAV-AsCpf1 at 7 days of age), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-injected PH1 rats, untreated PH1 rats, and age-matched wild-type (WT) rats. The most efficient and specific CRISPR RNA (crRNA) pairs targeting the rat Hao1 and Ldha genes were initially screened ex vivo. In vivo experiments demonstrated efficient genome editing of the Hao1 and Ldha genes, primarily resulting in small deletions. This resulted in decreased transcription and translational expression of Hao1 and Ldha. Treatment significantly reduced urine oxalate levels, reduced kidney damage, and alleviated nephrocalcinosis in rats with PH1. No liver toxicity, ex-liver genome editing, or obvious off-target effects were detected. We demonstrated the AAV-AsCpf1 system can target multiple genes and rescue the pathogenic phenotype in PH1, serving as a proof-of-concept for the development of multiplex genome editing-based gene therapy.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can result in more severe syndromes and poorer outcomes in patients with diabetes and obesity. However, the precise mechanisms responsible for the combined impact of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and diabetes have not yet been elucidated, and effective treatment options for SARS-CoV-2-infected diabetic patients remain limited. To investigate the disease pathogenesis, K18-hACE2 transgenic (hACE2Tg) mice with a leptin receptor deficiency (hACE2-Lepr-/- mice) or high-fat diet background (hACE2-HFD mice) were generated. The two mouse models were intranasally infected with a 5×105 median tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) of SARS-CoV-2, with serum and lung tissue samples collected at 3 days post-infection. The hACE2-Lepr-/- mice were then administered a combination of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) (1 mg/kg or 5 mg/kg) and insulin via subcutaneous injection prior to intranasal infection with 1×104 TCID50 of SARS-CoV-2. Daily drug administration continued until the euthanasia of the mice. Analyses of viral RNA loads, histopathological changes in lung tissue, and inflammation factors were conducted. Results demonstrated similar SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility in hACE2Tg mice under both lean (chow diet) and obese (HFD) conditions. However, compared to the hACE2-Lepr+/+ mice, hACE2-Lepr-/- mice exhibited more severe lung injury, enhanced expression of inflammatory cytokines and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, and increased apoptosis. Moreover, combined LMWH and insulin treatment effectively reduced disease progression and severity, attenuated lung pathological changes, and mitigated inflammatory responses. In conclusion, pre-existing diabetes can lead to more severe lung damage upon SARS-CoV-2 infection, and LMWH may be a valuable therapeutic approach for managing COVID-19 patients with diabetes.
Vol 44, No 5 (18 September 2023)
Indexed by SCI-E
2022 Impact Factor 4.9
2/176 Zoology (Q1)
2023 Journal Citation Reports®
中科院期刊分区动物学一区
Bimonthly, Since 1980
Editor-in-Chief: Yong-Gang Yao
ISSN 2095-8137
CN 53-1229/Q
ZRDC
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- Presubmission Inquiries: Zoological ResearchNew
- Zoological Research Call for Papers: Pain, Addiction, and AnesthesiaNew
- Zoological Research Call for Papers: Special Issue on Single-Cell and Spatial-OmicsNew
- “2023 Frontiers in Zoology Symposium” The 3rd Round Meeting Announcement
- Obituary: Professor Yun Zhang (1963-2023)
- “2023 Frontiers in Zoology Symposium” The 1st Round Meeting Announcement
- ZRDC Call for Papers: Special issue on insular habitat fragmentation induced by hydroelectric dams: an emerging threat to biodiversityNew
- Call for papers: Cavefish Special Issue
- Acknowledgments to reviewers of Zoological ResearchNew
- Two Editorial Board Members of Zoological Research Elected to the National Academy of Sciences
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