Ecosystem Organization:Food Chain Dynamics and Mutualism-Cybernetics

This paper introduced the theories of ecosystem organization:the development of food chain dynamics and main points of mutualism-cybernetics theories.Both of the theories are necessary for analyzing food web patterns because they focus on complementary scales of observation.The food chain dynamics theory depends upon Darwinan evolution and ecological interactions,and emphasizes trophic level patterns.It is useful to examine the direct and indirect effects of predator-prey interactions.The mutualism-cybernetics theory depends upon community selection,which may be more useful for studying species,trophic guild interactions and the indirect effects caused by nutrient cycling,competition and abiotic factors.