A wide hybrid zone mediated by precipitation contributed to confused geographical structure of <i>Scutiger</i> <i>boulengeri</i>

Xiu-Qin Lin; Yin-Meng Hou; Wei-Zhao Yang; Sheng-Chao Shi; Pu-Yang Zheng; Chung-Kun Shih; Jian-Ping Jiang; Feng Xie

doi:10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.108

Volume 44 Issue 1

Jan. 2023

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Xiu-Qin Lin, Yin-Meng Hou, Wei-Zhao Yang, Sheng-Chao Shi, Pu-Yang Zheng, Chung-Kun Shih, Jian-Ping Jiang, Feng Xie. A wide hybrid zone mediated by precipitation contributed to confused geographical structure of Scutiger boulengeri. Zoological Research, 2023, 44(1): 3-19. doi: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.108

Citation:

Xiu-Qin Lin, Yin-Meng Hou, Wei-Zhao Yang, Sheng-Chao Shi, Pu-Yang Zheng, Chung-Kun Shih, Jian-Ping Jiang, Feng Xie. A wide hybrid zone mediated by precipitation contributed to confused geographical structure of Scutiger boulengeri. Zoological Research, 2023, 44(1): 3-19. doi: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.108

Citation:

Xiu-Qin Lin, Yin-Meng Hou, Wei-Zhao Yang, Sheng-Chao Shi, Pu-Yang Zheng, Chung-Kun Shih, Jian-Ping Jiang, Feng Xie. A wide hybrid zone mediated by precipitation contributed to confused geographical structure of Scutiger boulengeri. Zoological Research, 2023, 44(1): 3-19. doi: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.108

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A wide hybrid zone mediated by precipitation contributed to confused geographical structure of Scutiger boulengeri

doi: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.108

Xiu-Qin Lin^{1, 2},
Yin-Meng Hou^{1, 2},
Wei-Zhao Yang^{1, 2},
Sheng-Chao Shi^{1, 2},
Pu-Yang Zheng^{1, 2},
Chung-Kun Shih^{3, 4},
Jian-Ping Jiang^{1, 2, 5},
Feng Xie^{1, 2, 5
,
,}

1.
CAS Key Laboratory of Mountain Ecological Restoration and Bioresource Utilization and Ecological Restoration Biodiversity Conservation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
2.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
3.
College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
4.
Department of Paleobiology, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC 20013–7012, USA
5.
Mangkang Biodiversity and Ecological Station, Xizang Ecological Safety Monitor Network, Changdu, Xizang 854500, China

Permission for field surveys was issued by the Yunnan Forestry and Grassland Bureau (No. [2019]825), Forestry and Grassland Administration of Xizang Autonomous Region (No. [2021]71), and Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences ([2019]168). All specimen collection protocols were approved by the Animal Care Committee of the Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Supplementary data to this article can be found online.
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
X.Q.L. and F.X. conceived the study; X.Q.L. and F.X. collected the data with assistance from Y.M.H., S.C.S., P.Y.Z., and J.P.J.; X.Q.L. performed the experiments and processed the raw data; X.Q.L., Y.M.H., and W.Z.Y. analyzed the data; X.Q.L., W.Z.Y., C.K.S., and F.X. wrote the manuscript. All co-authors contributed to edits and comments toward the final manuscript. All authors read and approved the final version of the manuscript.

Funds: This study was supported by the Second Tibetan Plateau Scientific Expedition and Research Program (STEP, 2019QZKK05010503), Biodiversity Survey and Assessment Project of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, China (2019HJ2096001006), Construction of Basic Conditions Platform of Sichuan Science and Technology Department (2019JDPT0020), and China Biodiversity Observation Networks (Sino BON)

More Information

Corresponding author: E-mail: xiefeng@cib.ac.cn
Received Date: 2022-06-07
Accepted Date: 2022-09-19

Published Online: 2022-09-20

Publish Date: 2023-01-18

Abstract

Abstract

Confused geographical structure of a population and mitonuclear discordance are shaped by a combination of rapid changes in population demographics and shifts in ecology. In this study, we generated a time-calibrated phylogeny of Scutiger boulengeri, an endemic Xizang alpine toad occurring in mountain streams on the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau (QTP). Based on three mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) genes, eight clades were assigned to three deeply divergent lineages. Analysis of nuclear DNA (nuDNA) genes revealed three distinct clusters without geographic structure, indicating significantly high rates of gene flow. Coalescent theory framework analysis (approximate Bayesian computation model DIYABC and Migrate-N) suggested that divergence of the main intraspecific clusters was the result of hybridization after secondary contact in the Holocene around 0.59 million years ago (Ma). The ratio of mtDNA F_ST (fixation index) to nuDNA F_ST was 2.3, thus failing to show male-biased dispersal. Geographic cline analysis showed that a wide hybrid zone was initially established in southwestern China, without significant reproductive isolation but with strong introgression in S. boulengeri, suggesting high hybrid fitness. Furthermore, mtDNA genes exhibited isolation by distance (IBD) while nuDNA genes exhibited significant isolation by environment (IBE). Results suggested that mitonuclear discordance may have initially been caused by geographic isolation, followed by precipitation-mediated hybridization, producing a wide hybrid zone and geographic structure confusion of nuDNA genes in S. boulengeri. This study indicated that complicated historical processes may have led to specific genetic patterns, with a specific climate factor facilitating gene flow in the system.
- Hybrid zone,
- Mitonuclear discordance,
- Precipitation,
- Genetic structure,
- Secondary contact

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References(81)

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