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线粒体谱系基因组学为蜘蛛的系统发育与进化提供见解

Mitochondrial phylogenomics provides insights into the phylogeny and evolution of spiders (Arthropoda: Araneae)

  • 摘要: 蜘蛛是陆地生态系统中物种数量最丰富的捕食类群之一,其形态、生态和行为极具多样性。利用形态学和分子生物学数据,对蜘蛛系统发育及进化历史的已有研究取得了较大进展。该研究新测了8科23种蜘蛛的线粒体基因组,并基于29科78种蜘蛛的线粒体基因组数据对蜘蛛进行了线粒体谱系基因组学分析。中纺亚目保留了节肢动物祖先美洲鲎的基因排序,而后纺亚目(Opisthothelae)表现出频繁的线粒体基因重排,共发现12种基因重排模式。蜘蛛线粒体基因重排,仅涉及线粒体tRNA基因和控制区。蜘蛛线粒体tRNA基因长度极度缩短,导致缺失DHU臂或TΨC臂,使得tRNA基因表现出高度的结构多样性。特别是,trnS1的反密码子在蜘蛛的不同进化谱系中存在多样性。蜘蛛线粒体基因的进化速率可能与基因重排及tRNA长度的缩短有关。蜘蛛线粒体基因组序列及基因重排均包含有效的系统发育信号,且支持与先前研究相同的蜘蛛主要类群间的系统发育关系。系统发育分析结果表明,蜘蛛的每个亚目、每个下目、RTA类群及除盗蛛科外的12个科均为单系群。蜘蛛高阶元的系统发育关系为:(中纺亚目, (原蛛下目, (复杂生殖器类, (Synspermiata, 古筛蛛科))))。此外,该研究还确定了隆头蛛科、拟壁钱科和隐石蛛科等的系统进化位置。采用两种方法对蜘蛛结网性状进行祖先状态重建,获得了几乎一致的结果;蜘蛛的共同祖先可能是依靠洞口有丝的洞穴取食。该研究是迄今为止最大规模的蜘蛛线粒体谱系基因组学分析,强调了线粒体基因组数据在蜘蛛进化研究中的重要价值,不仅可为蜘蛛系统发育提供有效的系统发育信号,还可用于探讨蜘蛛进化的性状多样化过程。

     

    Abstract: Spiders are among the most varied terrestrial predators, with highly diverse morphology, ecology, and behavior. Morphological and molecular data have greatly contributed to advances in the phylogeny and evolutionary dynamics of spiders. Here, we performed comprehensive mitochondrial phylogenomics analysis on 78 mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) representing 29 families; of these, 23 species from eight families were newly generated. Mesothelae retained the same gene arrangement as the arthropod ancestor (Limulus polyphemus), while Opisthothelae showed extensive rearrangement, with 12 rearrangement types in transfer RNAs (tRNAs) and control region. Most spider tRNAs were extremely truncated and lacked typical dihydrouridine or TΨC arms, showing high tRNA structural diversity; in particular, trnS1 exhibited anticodon diversity across the phylogeny. The evolutionary rates of mitochondrial genes were potentially associated with gene rearrangement or truncated tRNAs. Both mitogenomic sequences and rearrangements possessed phylogenetic characteristics, providing a robust backbone for spider phylogeny, as previously reported. The monophyly of suborder, infraorder, retrolateral tibial apophysis clade, and families (except for Pisauridae) was separately supported, and high-level relationships were resolved as (Mesothelae, (Mygalomorphae, (Entelegynae, (Synspermiata, Hypochilidae)))). The phylogenetic positions of several families were also resolved (e.g., Eresidae, Oecobiidae and Titanoecidae). Two reconstructions of ancestral web type obtained almost identical results, indicating that the common ancestor of spiders likely foraged using a silk-lined burrow. This study, the largest mitochondrial phylogenomics analysis of spiders to date, highlights the usefulness of mitogenomic data not only for providing efficient phylogenetic signals for spider phylogeny, but also for characterizing trait diversification in spider evolution.

     

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