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摘要: 肌间刺（intermuscular bones，IBs）是仅存在于低等硬骨鱼类肌肉中的细长的线形骨骼， 由肌腱组织通过膜内骨化形成。虽然肌间刺在鱼类游泳过程中发挥重要作用，但是在人类食用过程中会导致潜在的卡喉咙的风险，尤其不方便儿童的食用，这也进一步影响了水产业的经济效益。该文综合阐述了肌间刺的形态发生和功能、相关发育分子机制、肌间刺不同研究方法，以及用于培育无肌间刺鱼类品系的相关技术。该综述揭示了许多与肌间刺发育相关的关键基因，它们主要参与肌腱发育、成骨细胞分化和骨形成发育，如scxa、msxC、sost、twist、bmps和osterix基因。因此，该文对如何利用基因组编辑和人工选育等办法培育无肌间刺的鱼类品系提供了有价值的信息。Abstract: Intermuscular bones (IBs) are slender linear bones embedded in muscle, which ossify from tendons through a process of intramembranous ossification, and only exist in basal teleosts. IBs are essential for fish swimming, but they present a choking risk during human consumption, especially in children, which can lead to commercial risks that have a negative impact on the aquaculture of these fish. In this review, we discuss the morphogenesis and functions of IBs, including their underlying molecular mechanisms, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of different methods for IB studies and techniques for breeding and generating IB-free fish lines. This review reveals that the many key genes involved in tendon development, osteoblast differentiation, and bone formation, e.g., scxa, msxC, sost, twist, bmps, and osterix, also play roles in IB development. Thus, this paper provides useful information for the breeding of new fish strains without IBs via genome editing and artificial selection.
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Table 1. Number of IBs in different species
Superorder/Subdivision Species Common name in English Sample size (n) Total IB number (n) Average IB number (n) References Osteoglossomorpha Osteoglossum bicirrhosum Arawana 1 70 70 Lv et al., 2007 Elopomorpha Muraenesox cinereus Daggertooth pike conger 2 405–413 409 Lv et al., 2007 Anguilla japonica Japanese eel 3 351–360 357 Yao et al., 2014 Clupeomorpha Coilia ectenes Japanese grenadier anchovy 1 221 221 Lv et al., 2007 Tenualosa reevesii Reeves shad 3 133–152 143 Lv et al., 2007 Ostariophysi Myxocyprinus asiaticus Chinese sucker 3 98–102 100 Lv et al., 2007 Cyprinus carpio Common carp 3 93–101 99 Lv et al., 2007 Hypophthalmichthys molitrix Silver carp 3 123–124 123 Lv et al., 2007 Hypophthalmichthys nobilis Bighead carp 3 114–116 115 Lv et al., 2007 Culter alburnus Topmouth culter 3 129–141 133 Lv et al., 2007 Ctenopharyngodon idellus Grass carp 3 113–124 117 Lv et al., 2007 Hemibarbus labeo Barbel steed 3 122–128 124 Lv et al., 2007 Cyprinus carpio haematopterus Yellow river carp 3 93–104 98 Chen et al., 2017a Cyprinus carpio var. color Oujiang color common carp 5 86–90 89 Lv et al., 2014 Megalobrama amblycephala Blunt snout bream 29 108–129 119 Wan et al., 2014 Carassius auratus Crucian carp 15 78–83 81 Li et al., 2013 Sinocyclocheilus grahami Golden-line barbel 36 100–114 No recorded Yang et al., 2015 Piaractus brachypomus Pirapitinga 3 76–83 81 Lv et al., 2007 Misgurnus anguillicaudatus Pond loach 3 99–113 108 Lv et al., 2007 Carassius auratus gibelio Prussian carp 10 79–87 83 Dong et al., 2006 Pelteobagrus fulvidraco Yellow catfish 3 8 8 Lv et al., 2007 Acanthopterygii Monopterus albus Asian swamp eel 5–10 180–188 No recorded Nie et al., 2018 
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