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摘要: 并联共生（parabiosis）是通过手术方法将两只实验动物进行外科连接的一种历史悠久的动物模型。在过去的二十年里，该模型被广泛应用于生物医学研究，特别是在衰老、干细胞、神经科学和免疫等领域。虽然并联共生模型已经得到了不断改进和完善，但从手术操作到围术期管理，仍有诸多细节值得研究者们关注，以降低死亡率和提高并联共生的稳定性。尽管存在着自身的局限性，但作为一种不可替代的研究手段，并联共生动物模型在生物医学研究领域仍有广阔的应用前景。Abstract: Parabiosis is a surgical method of animal modeling with a long history. It has been widely used in medical research, particularly in the fields of aging, stem cells, neuroscience, and immunity in the past two decades. The protocols for parabiosis have been improved many times and are now widely accepted. However, researchers need to consider many details, from surgical operation to perioperative management, to reduce mortality and maintain the parabiosis union. Although parabiosis has certain inevitable limitations, it still has broad application prospects as an irreplaceable animal model in the medical research field.
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Key words:
- Parabiosis /
- Application /
- Protocols /
- Surgical technique /
- Perioperative management
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Figure 1. Surgical preparation of parabiosis mouse model
A: Frequently used surgical instruments. B: Anesthesia of paired mice (showing connection between animal anesthesia machine and paired mice). C: Dorsal positions of paired mice are adjusted after anesthesia, which can be used as a reference for dorsal skin incisions. D: Ventral positions of paired mice are adjusted after anesthesia, which can be used as a reference for ventral skin incisions. E: Dorsal positions of paired mice are adjusted again after skin preparation. F: Ventral positions of paired mice are adjusted again after skin preparation. G: Surgical region is disinfected.
Figure 2. Formation of surgical incisions and management of scapulae and femurs (left mouse taken as example)
A: Left mouse is in lateral decubitus position. Upper and lower limbs of left side and tail are fixed by adhesive tape, respectively. B: Skin incision is made from the back of the ear to back of the thigh. A skin section on the dorsal side of the incision is then removed. C: A skin section on the ventral side of the incision is then removed. D: A skin incision approximately 0.8–1.0 cm wide is formed. E: Right scapula is carefully separated and raised above shoulder muscles. F–H: Muscles attached to bone surface of right scapula are removed. I: Right thigh muscles are separated bluntly to expose right femur. Muscles covering femurs are partly removed. J: Right mouse undergoes the same surgical procedures at corresponding sites.
Figure 3. Suturing scapulae and securing femurs together
A: Relative positions of paired mice are adjusted again to align the scapulae and femurs on both sides. Two ends of the incisions are threaded without sutures, which is helpful to assess relative positions of incisions throughout the operation. B: Suture needle passes through the left scapula of right mouse. C: Suture needle passes through the right scapula of left mouse. D: Relative positions of both scapulae are confirmed. E: Surfaces of both scapulae are overlapped, and first suture of the scapula connection is completed. F–H: Second suture of the scapula connection is completed. I: Suture needle passes around left femur of right mouse. J: Suture needle passes around right femur of left mouse. K: Relative positions of both femurs and thighs are confirmed, respectively. L: Both femurs are overlapped and tied together. M: Corresponding femoral muscle tips of paired mice are sutured together. N: Alignment of dorsal skin incisions, scapula sutures, and femoral sutures are re-checked.
Figure 4. Suturing dorsal skin incisions
A: Relative positions of mice are adjusted, and skin alignment is determined before skin incision suturing. B: First suture of dorsal skin incisions. C: Dorsal skin incisions are sutured from tail-end to head-end. D: Remaining head-end incisions are aligned and sutured with the assistance of the preset head-end suture thread. E: Remaining tail-end incisions are aligned and sutured with the assistance of the preset tail-end suture thread.
Figure 5. Surgical treatment of ventral structures
A: Paired mice are turned over, and alignment of ventral skin incisions is checked. One or two sutures are made at corresponding sides of thigh muscles (B), abdominal walls (C), and chest walls (D), respectively.
Figure 6. Suturing ventral skin incisions
A: Ventral skin incisions are sutured from head-end to tail-end. B: Remaining head-end incisions are aligned and sutured with the assistance of the preset head-end suture thread. C, D: Remaining tail-end incisions are aligned and sutured with the assistance of the preset tail-end suture thread. E, F: Two ends of incisions are finally sutured.
Figure 7. Re-checking all sutured incisions
A: Dorsal view of parabiotic mice after surgical operation. All dorsal skin sutures are checked. B: Ventral view of parabiotic mice after surgical operation. All ventral skin sutures are checked. C: Sutures close to upper limbs are checked carefully. D: Sutures close to lower limbs are checked carefully.
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