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Ruiz-GarcíaManuel, Pinilla-BeltránDaniel, Murillo-GarcíaOscar E., PintoChristian Miguel, BritoJorge, ShostellJoseph Mark. 2021: 两个食蚁兽属(TamanduaMyrmecophaga)比较线粒体组的系统地理学研究:来自不同进化特征的证据. 动物学研究, 42(5): 525-547. DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.365
引用本文: Ruiz-GarcíaManuel, Pinilla-BeltránDaniel, Murillo-GarcíaOscar E., PintoChristian Miguel, BritoJorge, ShostellJoseph Mark. 2021: 两个食蚁兽属(TamanduaMyrmecophaga)比较线粒体组的系统地理学研究:来自不同进化特征的证据. 动物学研究, 42(5): 525-547. DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.365
Manuel Ruiz-García, Daniel Pinilla-Beltrán, Oscar E. Murillo-García, Christian Miguel Pinto, Jorge Brito, Joseph Mark Shostell. 2021: Comparative mitogenome phylogeography of two anteater genera (Tamandua and Myrmecophaga; Myrmecophagidae, Xenarthra): Evidence of discrepant evolutionary traits. Zoological Research, 42(5): 525-547. DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.365
Citation: Manuel Ruiz-García, Daniel Pinilla-Beltrán, Oscar E. Murillo-García, Christian Miguel Pinto, Jorge Brito, Joseph Mark Shostell. 2021: Comparative mitogenome phylogeography of two anteater genera (Tamandua and Myrmecophaga; Myrmecophagidae, Xenarthra): Evidence of discrepant evolutionary traits. Zoological Research, 42(5): 525-547. DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.365

两个食蚁兽属(TamanduaMyrmecophaga)比较线粒体组的系统地理学研究:来自不同进化特征的证据

Comparative mitogenome phylogeography of two anteater genera (Tamandua and Myrmecophaga; Myrmecophagidae, Xenarthra): Evidence of discrepant evolutionary traits

  • 摘要: 贫齿目Xenarthra(树懒sloths,食蚁兽anteaters和犰狳armadillos)是典型的南美洲哺乳动物。在这三个类群中,蠕舌亚目Vermilingua(食蚁兽anteaters;食蚁兽科Myrmecophagidae)是现存最少的古生物种。该研究对来自中美洲和南美洲的两种小食蚁兽(Tamandua tetradactylaT. mexicana)(n=74),以及来自南美洲的大食蚁兽Myrmecophaga tridactyla (n=41)进行采样和全线粒体组测序。在小食蚁兽Tamandua中,检测出了三种不同的单倍群。最古老的单倍群(THI)包含了许多T. tetradactyla的形态型(也包含一些T. mexicana的形态型),该单倍群起源于南美洲东南部(现在的乌拉圭),后来迁往南美洲北部,后者是THII单倍群的起源地。单倍群THII包含T. mexicana的形态型(也包含一些T. tetradactyla的形态型),主要分布于中美洲,哥伦比亚和厄瓜多尔。单倍群THI和THII之间的遗传距离达到4%。THII起源于南美洲北部或中美洲“原生”的单倍群THIII(由50%的T. mexicana和50%的T. tetradactyla组成)。THIII与THII大致分布在同一地区,如中美洲、厄瓜多尔和哥伦比亚,尽管以后者THII为主。由于三个单倍群在哥伦比亚和厄瓜多尔有重叠区,且T. tetradactylaT. mexicana没有互为单系,所以该研究认为在小食蚁兽属Tamandua内存在一个独特的新种,即T. tetradactyla。与Tamandua相比,尽管检测出两种遗传分化很大(遗传距离约为10%)的两个单倍群(MHI和MHII),但M. tridactyla在新热带地区范围内没有表现出不同的形态。基部的单倍群(MHI)起源于南美洲西北部,而地理衍生出的单倍群(MHII),虽然与MHI有重叠区,但却扩张到了南美洲中部和南部。因此,小食蚁兽属Tamandua是从北向南迁移,而大食蚁兽属Myrmecophaga从南向北迁移。该研究还发现,当前的线粒体多样性开始于晚上新世和上更新世。此外,两个类群均表现出较高的线粒体遗传多样性水平。TamanduaMyrmecophaga表现出更多的雌性种群扩张的证据。Tamandua在约0.6–0.17百万年前经历了种群扩张,Myrmecophaga在约0.3–0.2百万年前发生种群扩张。然而这两个类群在近期1–2 万年中均经历了明显的雌性数量的下降,并且它们的空间遗传结构很低。因此,TamanduaMyrmecophaga在形成它们的遗传结构过程中可能没有受到生物地理、地质或气候事件的影响。

     

    Abstract: The species within Xenarthra (sloths, anteaters, and armadillos) are quintessential South American mammals. Of the three groups, Vermilingua (anteaters) contains the fewest extant and paleontological species. Here, we sampled and sequenced the entire mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of two Tamandua species (Tamandua tetradactyla and T. mexicana) (n=74) from Central and South America, as well as Myrmecophaga tridactyla (n=41) from South America. Within Tamandua, we detected three different haplogroups. The oldest (THI) contained many specimens with the T. tetradactyla morphotype (but also several with the T. mexicana morphotype) and originated in southeastern South America (currently Uruguay) before moving towards northern South America, where the THII haplogroup originated. THII primarily contained specimens with the T. mexicana morphotype (but also several with the T. tetradactyla morphotype) and was distributed in Central America, Colombia, and Ecuador. THI and THII yielded a genetic distance of 4%. THII originated in either northern South America or “in situ” in Central America with haplogroup THIII, which consisted of ~50% T. mexicana and 50% T. tetradactyla phenotypes. THIII was mostly located in the same areas as THII, i.e., Central America, Ecuador, and Colombia, though mainly in the latter. The three haplogroups overlapped in Colombia and Ecuador. Thus, T. tetradactyla and T. mexicana were not reciprocally monophyletic. For this reason, we considered that a unique species of Tamandua likely exists, i.e., T. tetradactyla. In contrast to Tamandua, M. tridactyla did not show different morphotypes throughout its geographical range in the Neotropics. However, two very divergent genetic haplogroups (MHI and MHII), with a genetic distance of ~10%, were detected. The basal haplogroup, MHI, originated in northwestern South America, whereas the more geographically derived haplogroup, MHII, overlapped with MHI, but also expanded into central and southern South America. Thus, Tamandua migrated from south to north whereas Myrmecophaga migrated from north to south. Our results also showed that temporal mitochondrial diversification for Tamandua began during the Late Pliocene and Upper Pleistocene, but for Myrmecophaga began during the Late Miocene. Furthermore, both taxa showed elevated levels of mitochondrial genetic diversity. Tamandua showed more evidence of female population expansion than Myrmecophaga. Tamandua experienced population expansion ~0.6–0.17 million years ago (Mya), whereas Myrmecophaga showed possible population expansion ~0.3–0.2 Mya. However, both taxa experienced a conspicuous female decline in the last 10 000–20 000 years. Our results also showed little spatial genetic structure for both taxa. However, several analyses revealed higher spatial structure in Tamandua than in Myrmecophaga. Therefore, Tamandua and Myrmecophaga were not subjected to the same biogeographical, geological, or climatological events in shaping their genetic structures.

     

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