人源遗传突变CRYAA-Y118D介导内质网应激致小鼠白内障的机制研究

Zhe-Kun Jia; Chen-Xi Fu; Ai-Ling Wang; Ke Yao; Xiang-Jun Chen

doi:10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.354

人源遗传突变CRYAA-Y118D介导内质网应激致小鼠白内障的机制研究

doi: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2020.354

贾哲坤¹,
傅晨曦¹,
王爱玲²,
姚克^1, ,,
陈祥军^{1, 2, ,}

1.
浙江大学医学院附属第二医院眼科中心，浙江杭州 310009，中国
2.
浙江大学转化医学研究院，浙江杭州 310020，中国

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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2020-12-07
- 录用日期: 2021-03-19
- 网络出版日期: 2021-04-07
- 刊出日期: 2021-05-18

Cataract-causing allele in CRYAA (Y118D) proceeds through endoplasmic reticulum stress in mouse model

Zhe-Kun Jia¹,
Chen-Xi Fu¹,
Ai-Ling Wang²,
Ke Yao^{1
, ,},
Xiang-Jun Chen^{1, 2
, ,}

1.
Eye Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
2.
Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310020, China

Funds: This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31872724, 81900837, 81870641, 82070939) and Zhejiang Province Key Research and Development Program (2019C03091, 2020C03035)

More Information

Corresponding author: E-mail: chenxiangjun@zju.edu.cn; xlren@zju.edu.cn

摘要

摘要: 白内障是全球致盲率最高的眼科疾病，其发生发展与遗传、环境或衰老等造成的应激胁迫密切相关，发病机制较为复杂。目前，主流观点是大量未折叠蛋白累积，聚集沉淀，进而激活内质网应激（Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, ERS)，影响晶状体细胞命运。αA-晶体蛋白(CRYAA)作为小分子热休克蛋白，抑制β/γ-晶体蛋白错误折叠、聚集，维持晶体透明度发挥关键功能。研究报道，CRYAA遗传变异涉及先天性白内障或年龄相关性白内障，致病机制未阐述清楚。该研究成功构建人源遗传突变CRYAA-Y118D小鼠模型，突变型小鼠晶状体出现严重的后壁破裂、形态异常和晶体蛋白纤维排列异常等病理特征，与临床白内障病理特征一致。我们将通过转录组学探讨CRYAA-Y118D遗传突变致白内障的分子机制，差异基因的关键通路结果表明CRYAA-Y118D突变小鼠上调基因参与ERS-UPR通路。实验结果证实，CRYAA-Y118D分子伴侣功能缺陷导致UPR通路长期激活，剧烈应激反应导致聚集蛋白毒性和ERS诱导的细胞死亡。综上，该研究首次搭建人源遗传突变CRYAA-Y118D小鼠模型，揭示CRYAA-Y118D介导UPR-ERS影响晶状体细胞内蛋白质稳态及细胞命运决定，为白内障防治新策略提供动物模型和奠定理论依据。
- 白内障 /
- αA晶体蛋白 /
- 未折叠蛋白反应 /
- 内质网应激
Abstract: As small heat shock proteins, α-crystallins function as molecular chaperones and inhibit the misfolding and aggregation of β/γ-crystallins. Genetic mutations of CRYAA are associated with protein aggregation and cataract occurrence. One possible process underlying cataract formation is that endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) induces the unfolded protein response (UPR), leading to apoptosis. However, the pathogenic mechanism related to this remains unexplored. Here, we successfully constructed a cataract-causing CRYAA (Y118D) mutant mouse model, in which the lenses of the CRYAA-Y118D mutant mice showed severe posterior rupture, abnormal morphological changes, and aberrant arrangement of crystallin fibers. Histological analysis was consistent with the clinical pathological characteristics. We also explored the pathogenic factors involved in cataract development through transcriptome analysis. In addition, based on key pathway analysis, up-regulated genes in CRYAA-Y118D mutant mice were implicated in the ERS-UPR pathway. This study showed that prolonged activation of the UPR pathway and severe stress response can cause proteotoxic and ERS-induced cell death in CRYAA-Y118D mutant mice.
- Cataract /
- αA-crystallin /
- Unfolded protein response /
- Endoplasmic reticulum stress

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Figure 1. Construction of αA^Y118D/Y118D mice and evaluation of cataract phenotype

A: Conservation analysis of amino acids 83-120 of CRYAA protein. * represents the 118th amino acid of CRYAA protein. B: Flow diagram o construction process of αA^Y118D/Y118D mice. C: Sequencing results of αA^Y118D/Y118D heterozygous mice showing successful mutation of Y118D. * represents the gene mutation site corresponding to the 118th amino acid mutation. D: Anterior segment images of αA^Y118D/Y118D mice and wild-type (WT) mice. Lens of WT mice was transparent; lens of mutant mouse showed severe opacity.

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Figure 2. Detection of αA^Y118D/Y118D mouse lens properties

A: Histological analysis of WT and αA^Y118D/Y118D mutant mouse eye lenses. Sagittal sections of αA^Y118D/Y118D mouse eyes stained with H&E showing degeneration of lens nucleus and cortex fiber cells and highly disrupted morphology. B: Cortex and nucleus were separated from mouse lens. After centrifugation, proteins were divided into water-soluble and insoluble fractions for sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). C: Gray value analysis of electrophoresis lanes showed significant decrease in soluble components in αA^Y118D/Y118D lens nucleus. D: Immunoblot analysis of p62 in WT and αA^Y118D/Y118D mutant eye lenses. Expression of p62 in homozygous knock-in mutant lens was significantly higher than that in WT lens. Values are mean±SEM,^*: P<0.05.

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Figure 3. Bioinformatics analysis of αA^Y118D/Y118D mouse lens transcriptome

A: Volcano map of all detected genes in transcriptome. B: Gene Ontology analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). C: Protein-protein interaction analysis of DEGs and hub gene screening. D: Scatter plot of ERS-UPR-related genes in KEGG pathway analysis. E: DEGs related to ERS-UPR in transcriptome.

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Figure 4. Verification of expression of ERS-UPR-related genes

A: Western blotting of genes related to ERS-UPR signaling pathway. B: qPCR results of genes related to ERS-UPR signaling pathway. C: Expression levels of ERS-UPR signaling pathway-related genes in lens capsule, cortex, and nucleus. Values are mean±SEM,^*: P<0.05.

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Figure 5. Unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling pathways

There are three distinct UPR signaling pathways in mammalian cells: i.e., PERK, ATF6, and IRE1 pathways. Under normal conditions, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) molecular chaperone, BiP, directly interacts with PERK, ATF6, and IRE1. PERK phosphorylates eIF2α to attenuate ER burden by inhibiting its translation initiation activity. PERK-phosphorylated eIF2α also activates ATF4, which induces expression of ER chaperone-related genes and autophagy-related proteins. When BiP is separated from ATF6, the latter moves to the Golgi apparatus, where it is cleaved into its active form by S1P and S2P. Active ATF6 translocates to the nucleus and induces transcription of ERS-response genes. IRE1 endoribonuclease is activated through dimerization and transphosphorylation. This leads to removal of a 26-nucleotide intron from the premature unspliced XBP1 (XBP1-u) gene form to produce the spliced XBP1 (XBP1-s) form. XBP1-s moves to the nucleus and induces UPR-responsive genes.

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