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Ogeto Mwebi, Esther Nguta, Veronica Onduso, Ben Nyakundi, 蒋学龙, Esther N. Kioko. 2019: 基于肉食性动物粪便和地表骨骼遗骸探讨肯尼亚山小型哺乳动物多样性. 动物学研究, 40(1): 61-69. DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2018.055
引用本文: Ogeto Mwebi, Esther Nguta, Veronica Onduso, Ben Nyakundi, 蒋学龙, Esther N. Kioko. 2019: 基于肉食性动物粪便和地表骨骼遗骸探讨肯尼亚山小型哺乳动物多样性. 动物学研究, 40(1): 61-69. DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2018.055
Ogeto Mwebi, Esther Nguta, Veronica Onduso, Ben Nyakundi, Xue-Long Jiang, Esther N. Kioko. 2019. Small mammal diversity of Mt. Kenya based on carnivore fecal and surface bone remains. Zoological Research, 40(1): 61-69. DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2018.055
Citation: Ogeto Mwebi, Esther Nguta, Veronica Onduso, Ben Nyakundi, Xue-Long Jiang, Esther N. Kioko. 2019. Small mammal diversity of Mt. Kenya based on carnivore fecal and surface bone remains. Zoological Research, 40(1): 61-69. DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2018.055

基于肉食性动物粪便和地表骨骼遗骸探讨肯尼亚山小型哺乳动物多样性

Small mammal diversity of Mt. Kenya based on carnivore fecal and surface bone remains

  • 摘要: 传统上对自然系统生态动力(Ecological dynamics)和动物多样性的研究大多基于直接观察或者活体调查,研究难度较大。而对食肉动物粪便和地表骨骼遺骸的调查是一个相对简便易行的方法,它不仅有助于认识食肉动物的食物结构,也有助于了解生态系统的生态学动态规律。本研究利用该方法对肯尼亚山迎风坡(Chogoria)和背风坡(Sirimon)的小型哺乳动物沿海拔梯度的分布进行了研究。在两个坡面,我们以 200 m海拔为间隔分别选取了9个调查样带,在每个调查样带设置了2条2 km的样线进行骨骼遺骸和肉食动物粪便调查。实验共搜集220份肉食动物粪便和猫头鹰的食丸。这些样品主要来自斑鬣狗(Crocuta crocuta)、金钱豹(Panthera pardus)、薮猫(Leptailurus serval)、斑獛属动物(Genetta sp.)和麦氏雕鸮(Bubo capensis mackinderi),其中薮猫的粪便最为常见,其次是斑鬣狗。粪便和骨骼遺骸数量在低海拔最少,峰值出现在中高海拔,在最高海拔有所降低。分析结果显示,Sirimon 坡面的物种数(19)要高于Chogoria坡面。两个坡面的骨骼遺骸和肉食动物粪便主要以小型哺乳动物为主(Sirimon:87.9%;Chogoria:90. 9%),其中沼鼠属动物(Otomys)都是薮猫和猫头鹰的主要食物来源。有趣的是,调查中仅在Chogoria 海拔约为3 500 m的爱丽丝湖(Lake Ellis)发现了三只长颈鹿的牙齿,说明长颈鹿在这么高的海拔出现是一个偶然现象。我们的研究说明,动物粪便和骨骼遺骸在研究哺乳动物食物构成和多样性方面有重要意义,但是要获得肯尼亚山食肉动物更为详细的食物结构应结合粪便中发现的毛发数据。

     

    Abstract: Ecological dynamics and faunal diversity documentation is normally conducted by direct observation and trapping of live animals. However, surveys of carnivore scat prey and surface bone remains, which are relatively inexpensive, can provide complementary data that expand carnivore diet breadth and may improve accuracy regarding inferences of the ecological dynamics of a given ecosystem. We used this inexpensive method to document species diversity variation with elevation on the leeward (Sirimon) and windward (Chogoria) areas of Mt. Kenya. Bone and fecal specimens were opportunistically collected by walking 2 km in opposite directions from transect points selected at 200-m intervals along the elevational gradient of the study areas. We collected a total of 220 carnivore fecal and owl pellet specimens from both study sites, which were mainly deposited by the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta), leopard (Panthera pardus), serval (Leptailurus serval), genet (Genetta sp.), and Mackinder’s Cape owl (Bubo capensis mackinderi). Serval scats were the most common, followed by those of the spotted hyena. Scats and bones were found at the lowest density at the lowest elevations, peaked at mid-higher elevations, and then declined at the highest elevations. Based on skeletal analysis only, there were more species in Sirimon (19) than in Chogoria (12). Small fauna (rodents to duiker size bovids) formed the bulk of the identified remains, representing 87.9% of the Sirimon fauna and 90.9% of the Chogoria fauna. The genus Otomys was the dominant prey of the owl and serval in both sites. Three giraffe teeth were found at 3 500 m a.s.l. in Chogoria on the edge of Lake Ellis, suggesting that it is an occasional visitor to such high elevations. This study underscores the value of fecal and bone surveys in understanding the diet and diversity of mammals in ecological ecosystems, but such surveys should be complemented with analysis of hairs found in scats to obtain a more complete list of carnivore prey at Mt. Kenya.

     

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