Breeding ecology of Chinese Bulbul in the urban environment of Hangzhou, China

The Chinese Bulbul, Pycnonotus sinensis, is one of the most abundant and widely distributed birds of south China, settling even in dense urban areas. From March-July 2012, we surveyed the Chinese Bulbul in the urban environment of Hangzhou, China, to gain a clearer perspective on their breeding ecology. Totally, 117 nests were found, mainly on the trees of Osmanthus fragrans (84.6%, n=117) in residential areas,street tree strips, and green belt. Our results include several noteworthy observations: nest height from the ground was 3.16?0.91 m (n=117); egg-laying begins in early April with peak times from April 11-25; and the nesting period was 11.85?1.12 days (n=47). In terms of fertility and reproduction, we also observed that the average incubation period was 11.34?1.12 days (n=32); average clutch size was 3.37?0.48 eggs (n=103); hatching success 68.3%, fledging rate 52.1%, and the total breeding success 35.58% (n=117). The main causes of breeding failure included egg and fledgling predation, as well as human disturbance.